New York Convention and State Immunity
Case BriefsForeign Courts

The present appeal concerned the interplay between the enforcement obligations under the New York Convention and the doctrine of sovereign immunity. The Court of Appeal examined whether a Contracting State, by ratifying the Convention, submits to the jurisdiction of English courts in enforcement proceedings and held that Article III preserves, rather than waives, State immunity.

valid consent under GDPR
Case BriefsForeign Courts

The law treats consent as something shown by a clear outward action, not by what a person is thinking internally. If there is no clear external indication of agreement, consent does not exist, regardless of the person’s actual state of mind, and the law does not allow inquiry into their inner thoughts.