Parth Singh is an advocate at the Supreme Court of India and the High Court of Punjab and Haryana. He is also an LLM candidate at Columbia Law School for the 2024-2025 batch. With a Master’s degree in Criminal Law and Forensic Science from the National Academy of Legal Studies and Research (Nalsar) University with distinction. Mr Singh is also among the youngest Judicial Law Clerks appointed by the Chief Justice of India. Notably Mr Singh as a Scholar, has also contributed to Cambridge University Press (Scopus Indexed) on “Determination of Sentences in India: Policy and Practice,” advocating for sentencing guidelines and a statutory board in India.
1: Please share with our readers about your journey in the profession.
I am an Advocate primarily practising at the High Court of Punjab and Haryana. My passion for the law was ignited at a young age, leading me to enrol at O.P. Jindal Global University when I was just 17 years old. By 22, I had not only earned my law degree but also achieved the notable distinction of being one of the youngest law clerks appointed to the Supreme Court of India. This was not just a career milestone for me. Having been entrusted with this role by a sitting Supreme Court Judge, it represented the profound faith placed in my capabilities.
While, the courtroom has been a significant part of my journey, my life outside of it is coloured by my enthusiasm for sports. Throughout my academic life — from school to university — I have been deeply involved in various athletic pursuits, always eager to embrace leadership roles. My commitment to legal excellence propelled me to pursue a Master’s degree in Criminal Law and Forensic Science at Nalsar University, Hyderabad.
2: What initially drew you towards a career in criminal law? Were there specific challenges that you encountered along the path that helped shape your practice?
My interest in criminal law was sparked by a fascination with the intricate interplay between forensic science and criminal litigation. This fascination grew stronger during my undergraduate studies and was further cemented by my experiences as a Law Clerk at the Supreme Court of India.
To be honest, I feel that every day in criminal litigation is a challenge. When I prepare a file to argue in Court, I approach it not only as an advocate rendering legal services to my client but also as someone serving society at large. From understanding what the Judge wants to hear, to articulating precise legal submissions, the entire process is filled with challenges. My father who is also an advocate often emphasised the importance of taking on challenging tasks, saying, “If it is not challenging, it is not changing.” I have realised that embracing challenges is essential for growth and improvement in my practice. Therefore, I constantly seek out and welcome challenges to become a better advocate.
One of the most significant challenges was transitioning from the theoretical knowledge acquired in law school to the practical realities of the courtroom. This transition was made smoother by the mentorship and guidance I received from Justice M.M. Sundresh (Judge, Supreme Court of India) and my colleagues at the Supreme Court of India, especially my seniors from Jindal Global Law School.
3: We would love to hear about your undergraduate studies at Jindal Global Law School. Could you elaborate on any impactful co-curricular activities you participated in?
My academic journey at O.P. Jindal Global University, marked by an academic scholarship, was the crucible for my legal ambitions. Immersed in a vibrant academic environment, I was actively involved in student-led societies and various clinical academic courses. Our university, located in a rural village in Sonipat, vividly illustrated the theories of Marx, Durkheim, and Weber. The local social structures around the vicinity of my university highlighted Marx’s class struggles, Durkheim’s social cohesion, and Weber’s authority and bureaucracy.
Guided by Professor Ajay Kumar Pandey and collaborating with the Jindal Global University (JGU) Human Rights Clinic, I had the privilege of contributing to impactful projects. We worked closely with government initiatives like Unnat Bharat Abhiyan and NGOs such as Navjyoti India Foundation, focusing on grassroots human rights implementation. Engaging with domestic violence survivors and leading awareness campaigns illuminated the profound impact of the Indian Constitution on human rights, fuelling my ambition to blend jurisprudence and public policy research in my studies to advocate for legal reforms in India.
The efforts and mentorship of Professor Ajay Kumar Pandey were instrumental towards instilling in me a passion for societal betterment and practical legal work. Beyond the confines of the classroom, I led humanitarian projects such as “Project H3” during the Covid-19 Pandemic and engaged deeply in human rights initiatives. These experiences not only enriched my academic journey but also instilled in me a deep-seated commitment to using the law as a tool for social change.
I owe a great deal to the opportunities and support from my university, Jindal Global Law School, which led me to discover that “law is not merely a set of rules but a dynamic force capable of transforming lives and societies”.
4: In the context of litigation, how would you define “exhaustion of research”? What impact do you believe it has on the overall legal process?
In litigation, “exhaustion of research” refers to the thorough and comprehensive investigation of all relevant legal precedents, statutes, and factual details pertinent to a case. This process involves not only understanding the existing legal framework but also anticipating potential counterarguments and addressing any possible gaps in the legal strategy.
Exhaustion of research has a profound impact on the overall legal process. It ensures that the arguments presented are well-founded, logically coherent, and backed by substantial evidence. This thorough preparation increases the likelihood of a favourable outcome, as it demonstrates to the Court that the case has been meticulously examined from all angles. Moreover, it contributes to the integrity of the legal process by upholding the standards of diligence and competence expected of legal professionals. In essence, exhaustive research is the bedrock upon which robust and compelling legal arguments are built, ultimately enhancing the quality of justice delivered.
5: You have extensively researched on determination of judicial sentences. Do you feel India is ready to have its own sentencing board or statutory body?
Absolutely. I am very pleased that this topic is being discussed. The Supreme Court of India recently delivered a landmark judgment in Sunita Devi v. State of Bihar1, which aligns closely with my own research and scholarship on sentencing policy. In my work, “Determination of Sentences in India: Policy and Practice” published by Cambridge University Press on 9-8-2023, I emphasised the critical need for comprehensive sentencing guidelines in India.
The Supreme Court’s judgment highlights the same concerns as, I have argued, particularly with regard to the unbridled discretion currently exercised by Judges in sentencing. The Supreme Court has recommended that the Department of Justice, Ministry of Law and Justice, consider introducing a comprehensive sentencing policy. This would involve forming a Sentencing Commission comprised of experts from various fields to establish distinct sentencing guidelines.
The judgment in Sunita Devi 2 underscores the necessity of these guidelines by pointing out that sentencing should not be a mere lottery or a knee-jerk reaction. It should be a fair, transparent, and consistent process. The Court noted the significant disparities in sentencing, which have resulted from the absence of a clear policy or legislation. This judgment reaffirms my arguments that India is in dire need of standardised sentencing principles to ensure fairness and consistency in judicial outcomes.
I am proud to see that the objective of my research has been reflected in this judgment, and I am confident that India is ready to establish its own sentencing board. The directive by the Supreme Court to the Union of India to respond to this suggestion within six months is a significant step forward. I am also excited to continue contributing to the legal academic domain on this issue, as I believe this development will be a game-changer for the determination of judicial sentences in India.
6: You obtained your blended MA in Criminal Law and Forensic Science at Nalsar. Could you please describe your experience and how you managed to balance your academic pursuits with existing work obligations?
My experience at Nalsar was both challenging and enriching. The blended MA program in Criminal Law and Forensic Science provided me with a robust theoretical foundation and practical insight. Balancing academic pursuits with existing work obligations required meticulous time management and prioritisation. I created a structured schedule that allowed me to allocate specific time slots for my studies, professional responsibilities, and personal commitments. Additionally, the support of my colleagues and mentors played a crucial role in maintaining this balance. They were understanding of my academic commitments and provided flexibility whenever needed. This experience taught me the importance of discipline, effective communication, and leveraging support systems to achieve a harmonious balance between work and academics.
7: What factors led you to pursue a LLM at Columbia Law School? Would you recommend this path for aspiring lawyers seeking a comparative perspective in their chosen field?
Several compelling factors influenced my decision to pursue an LLM at Columbia Law School, a globally renowned Ivy League Institution. Columbia’s distinguished faculty, comprehensive curriculum, and focus on constitutional law and public policy align seamlessly with my academic and professional aspirations. The opportunity to learn from esteemed professors like Kate Andrias, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Philip Bobbitt, and Madhav Khosla, who have done exceptional in-depth work on the Indian Constitution, is incredibly appealing. Additionally, Columbia’s Human Rights Institute offers a platform to engage deeply with pressing human rights issues, further enhancing its appeal.
The global network of Columbia alumni and the diverse, intellectually stimulating environment promised invaluable insights and connections, which I believe are crucial for any legal professional aiming to make a significant impact. It is undoubtedly true, the intellectual rigour and collaborative spirit at Columbia foster an environment where critical thinking and innovative legal solutions thrive. For aspiring lawyers seeking a comparative perspective, I would highly recommend pursuing applying for LLM at Columbia. While, I wholeheartedly recommend this path for those with similar interests and aspirations, I also acknowledge that the legal field is vast and diverse. Each individual’s career, goals and interests may lead them to different opportunities and learning experiences. However, for those passionate about constitutional law, public policy, and human rights, an LLM at Columbia Law School offers unparalleled opportunities for growth, learning, and professional advancement.
8: Could you please share what strategies or aspects of your application do you believe contributed most to your success in securing a spot at Columbia’s LLM Program?
Several strategies and aspects of my application contributed to my success in securing a spot at Columbia’s LLM Program. Firstly, my personal statement highlighted my unique background, commitment to social justice, legal reforms, and extensive research and professional experiences. It is crucial for applicants to work on their personal statements diligently and start as early as possible. The Admissions Committee can identify serious candidates through the thoroughness and authenticity of their applications. This includes showcasing legal publications, interests, and contributions to the legal domain. In my perspective, these top tier universities look for candidates to whom they can add significant value and help to shape their careers.
For law students, reaching out to seniors for guidance and selecting the right internships and work experiences are vital strategies. Additionally, how you publish and articulate your ideas plays a significant role. In my case, I had an extensive academic record. I took the most elective courses at my university. I undertook several internships during my college days and had several legal publications, including ones in the high-indexed, Scopus journals.
Moreover, my experience as a law clerk at the Supreme Court of India significantly shaped my professional career, enhancing my practical legal expertise and my ability to apply theoretical knowledge in real-world scenarios. Another critical component is the letters of recommendation from professionals and professors in the legal field, which played a significant role in strengthening my application. Admission Committees decide based on several factors, including academic promise, professional experience, and recommendations.
My suggestion to prospective applicants is to start early and seek guidance from seniors, ensuring that all aspects of their applications are meticulously prepared and reflect their true potential and dedication to the field of law.
9: You were a judicial Law Clerk at the Supreme Court of India right after law school. Would you be willing to share some insights from that time?
My time as a judicial Law Clerk at the Supreme Court of India was profoundly impactful and transformative. Working under the office of Justice M.M. Sundresh, I had the opportunity to engage with complex legal issues and contribute my legal research to several key judgments delivered by his lordship. I was involved in rigorous legal research, legal drafting, and preparing briefs for court proceedings. One of the most significant cases I worked on, along with my co-colleagues, was Satender Kumar Antil v. CBI3, which revolutionised bail guidelines in India. Overall, my clerkship provided me with invaluable insights into the judiciary’s inner workings and solidified my commitment to advocating for justice and legal reforms.
10: The legal field is constantly evolving thanks to technology. In your opinion, how is technology currently impacting the practice of criminal law?
Definitely, one of the most notable impacts is the enhancement of forensic science and evidence collection in criminal law. Advanced technologies such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis, digital forensics, and surveillance systems have revolutionised the way evidence is gathered, analysed, and presented in court. This has led to more accurate and reliable evidence, improving the chances of fair and just outcomes in criminal cases.
However, on the other side, the integration of technology also poses challenges, such as issues related to data privacy, cybersecurity, and the potential for misuse of digital evidence. It is crucial for the legal field to continuously adapt and address these challenges to ensure that technology serves as a tool for justice and not a source of new injustices.
11: As you are heavily driven towards the criminal theory, what is your opinion about the ongoing development in bail jurisprudence in India today?
The ongoing development in bail jurisprudence in India represents a significant shift towards aligning judicial practices with the constitutional ideals of social justice and human rights. As I detailed in my article, “Social Justice and Judicial Working of Bail Decisions in India”, the Indian judiciary is increasingly recognising the importance of balancing individual liberties with societal interests. One of the key aspects of this development is the emphasis on minimising pre-trial detention, which is often a violation of the fundamental right to personal liberty under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. The duration of judicial custody and the stage of the trial have become critical factors in bail decisions. The judiciary’s approach to these factors reflects a commitment to ensuring that the bail system upholds the dignity and freedom of individuals.
Moreover, the judiciary has been proactive in addressing the disparities in bail decisions that arise from individual judicial discretion. Overall, the ongoing development in bail jurisprudence in India signifies a progressive step towards a more just and humane legal system. It embodies the constitutional ethos of social justice and human rights, ensuring that the law serves as a tool for protecting individual liberties while upholding the collective good. This evolution is crucial for maintaining public trust in the judiciary and reinforcing the rule of law in a democratic society.
12: As you embark on the next chapter of your legal journey, what are you most looking forward to achieving?
As I embark on the next chapter of my legal journey, I am most looking forward to leveraging the advanced legal education and diverse perspectives I will gain from my LLM at Columbia Law School to drive meaningful legal reforms in India.
I am particularly eager to delve deeper into constitutional law, public policy, and criminal justice. After my advanced legal education in these domains, I intend to return to India to inspire and implement my learnings through meaningful scholarship that enhances the effectiveness and fairness of our legal system. Additionally, I aim to assist and render my services to society as an advocate, teacher, and mentor. What my seniors have imparted to me, I will strive to give back to my society.
Ultimately, my journey at Columbia is not just about personal and professional growth, but about making a tangible impact on the legal landscape of India. I aspire to be a catalyst for change, fostering a legal system that truly embodies the spirit of the Indian Constitution and serves as a beacon of justice for all.
Great piece of work
Very insightful and inspiring!