{"id":386454,"date":"2026-06-08T09:00:59","date_gmt":"2026-06-08T03:30:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=386454"},"modified":"2026-06-06T17:39:08","modified_gmt":"2026-06-06T12:09:08","slug":"pre-insolvency-claims-arbitration-law-india-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2026\/06\/08\/pre-insolvency-claims-arbitration-law-india-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"The Procedural Revival of Pre-Insolvency Claims under the Indian Arbitration Regime"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

As the law currently stands, when deciding an application for the appointment of arbitrators, the Indian Courts can examine only the existence of an arbitration agreement in line with Section 11(6-A).<\/span><\/p>\n

Indian Courts have increasingly grappled with the interface between insolvency law’s promise of clean slate and arbitration law’s commitment to a procedural referral. Under India’s Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016<\/a><\/span><\/span>, approval of a resolution plan (RP) by an adjudicating authority statutorily extinguishes all claims not incorporated in the plan. This enables the successful resolution applicant to acquire the debtor, free from past liabilities, on a “clean slate”.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Indian Supreme Court’s (Supreme Court) recent decision in Vinergy International<\/span> v. BPCL<\/span> (Vinergy<\/span>)<\/span> bares a chasm between the insolvency and arbitration regimes.<\/span>1<\/sup><\/a> In the case of Vinergy<\/span>, the Supreme Court set aside a High Court decision to appoint arbitrators for a pre-insolvency claim against an entity that had already gone through insolvency. It held that a post-insolvency entity operating on a clean slate cannot be fastened with liabilities of the past that did not form a part of the RP.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

Notably, however, the Supreme Court invoked its extraordinary powers under Article 142<\/a> of the Constitution of India<\/a> (Constitution<\/a>). Article 142<\/a> of the Constitution<\/a> vests the residuary power in the Supreme Court in any case where the court considers the existing law as inadequate. Section 11(6)<\/a>, Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996<\/a> (Act) provides for the appointment of an arbitrator by a High Court or the Supreme Court in case one of the parties does not agree to appoint an arbitrator under the arbitration agreement, thereby compelling unwilling parties to arbitration. Section 11(6-A) of the Act states that a court adjudicating on Section 11(6) petition must confine its existence to the “existence of an arbitration agreement”.<\/span><\/p>\n

This post demonstrates that this reliance on extraordinary powers is not incidental and flows from the narrow scope of scrutiny under Section 11(6) and (6-A) for the appointment of arbitrators. The consequence is a paradox in which a post-insolvency entity, though formally released from past liabilities, can still be compelled to participate in arbitral proceedings founded on those very claims.<\/p>\n

The steady narrowing down<\/h2>\n

As the law currently stands, when deciding an application for the appointment of arbitrators, the Indian Courts can examine only the existence of an arbitration agreement in line with Section 11(6-A). The Supreme Court in Interplay Between Arbitration Agreements under Arbitration Act, 1996 & Stamp Act, 1899, In re<\/span><\/a> (Interplay<\/span><\/a>)<\/span>2<\/sup><\/a>, affirmed that any attempts to give a broader meaning to the term “existence” as it occurs in Section 11(6-A), would not be true to the principle of allowing an Arbitral Tribunal to decide its own competence.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Supreme Court confined “existence” to the threshold requirement under Section 7, which primarily is the presence of a written agreement to refer disputes to arbitration, thereby excluding any inquiry into whether a dispute legally subsists or is even capable of being referred to arbitration. In a post-insolvency context, this would mean that whether an entity has gone through insolvency would not be relevant to the appointment of arbitrators.<\/p>\n

As a result, despite the Supreme Court ruling in Ghanashyam Mishra & Sons (P) Ltd.<\/span> v. Edelweiss Asset Reconstruction Co. Ltd.<\/span> <\/span><\/a>that no entity is entitled to pursue claims that are not a part of the RP post-approval, a court approached under Section 11(6) cannot consider any facts establishing the same, as they do not pertain to the existence of an arbitration agreement.<\/span>3<\/sup><\/a> Under this position of law, even if a court were to make a specific observation barring further arbitration<\/span>,4<\/sup><\/a> the party will not be able to rely on such an observation to argue against the appointment of arbitrators.<\/span><\/p>\n

When this arbitration-centric framework is applied to insolvency, the consequences are stark. It leads to a structural paradox where insolvency law extinguishes the claim in substance, while arbitration law mandates its procedural revival. The result is that a resolution applicant, despite the statutory extinction of the claim, can still be coerced into arbitral proceedings. It converts insolvency’s clean slate into a merely post hoc defence rather than an effective procedural bar.<\/p>\n

Even if one takes into account the concern expressed by the Supreme Court in Aslam Ismail Khan Deshmukh<\/span> v. ASAP Fluids (P) Ltd.<\/span> <\/span><\/a>that a party may be left without a remedy when appointment is denied at the Section 11(6) stage<\/span>,5<\/sup><\/a> since such orders are not appealable as of right, that concern does not justify the current legal position. In fact, the concern regarding non-appealability applies with equal, if not greater, force where an appointment is wrongly granted against a resolution applicant who, under insolvency law, acquires the corporate debtor free from prior claims.<\/span><\/p>\n

In such cases, the prejudice lies not merely in the risk of an adverse award, but in being compelled to participate in arbitral proceedings on a claim that the law has already extinguished. This concern was articulated by the Supreme Court in SBP & Co.<\/span> v. Patel Engg. Ltd.<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>6<\/sup><\/a>, which aptly cautioned that parties’ rights are seriously affected when an Arbitral Tribunal is constituted in the absence of an arbitrable dispute, even if the Tribunal ultimately upholds preliminary expenses and objections.<\/span><\/p>\n

In an implicit recognition of this harm, courts have sought to address frivolous or non-existent claims by observing that Arbitral Tribunals may award costs.<\/span>7<\/sup><\/a> This response remains inadequate because a genuine clean slate requires ex ante insulation from being compelled into arbitration proceedings, whereas cost awards operate only ex post.<\/span><\/p>\n

Limitation at the appointment stage<\/h2>\n

The only additional inquiry, other than the existence of an arbitration agreement, that the law permits is that of the limitation of the Section 11(6) application. This was not always the case, as limitation once appeared to offer a narrow opening for threshold intervention at the Section 11 stage. Earlier, the Supreme Court treated limitation of the claim sought to be arbitrated as an admissibility issue of threshold importance, reasoning that early exclusion of time-barred claims was necessary to prevent unjust harassment.<\/p>\n

This opening has since been closed. In SBI General Insurance Co. Ltd.<\/span> v. Krish Spinning<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>8<\/sup><\/a>, relying on the case of Interplay<\/span><\/a>, the Court confined pre-reference scrutiny to the limitation applicable only to the Section 11(6) application, declining to consider limitation insofar as it affected the survival of the claim itself. If this move is understood as flowing from the case of Interplay<\/span><\/a>, the result is a checkerboard solution. While the court retains the power to examine limitation insofar as it affects its jurisdiction to appoint, it declines to consider limitation where it extinguishes the claim itself.<\/span><\/p>\n

The significance of this move lies not in limitation as such, but in what it forecloses: If even limitation-based extinction is procedurally invisible at the reference stage, there is no remaining space within Section 11 to recognise statutory extinction of claims under insolvency law. Such extinction is effectively rendered “procedurally invisible”.<\/p>\n

Arbitrability as a missed opportunity<\/h2>\n

If limitation no longer offers a route for threshold intervention, arbitrability would appear to be the natural doctrinal site for recognising insolvency-based extinction. Unlike limitation, arbitrability concerns whether a dispute is capable of being resolved through arbitration at all. Insolvency-based extinction does not merely affect enforceability or admissibility; it negates the legal existence of the dispute itself, and therefore aligns squarely with the concept of non-arbitrability.<\/p>\n

Section 2(3) of the Act preserves the operation of other laws that render certain disputes non-arbitrable. In principle, claims extinguished upon approval of an RP ought therefore to fall outside the scope of arbitration altogether.<\/p>\n

In Office for Alternative Architecture<\/span> v. Ircon Infrastructure & Services Ltd.<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>9<\/sup><\/a>, it was held that once the existence of an arbitration agreement is established, questions of arbitrability must be left entirely to the Arbitral Tribunal. Statutory bars are effectively treated as matters for post-reference determination, even where they negate the legal survival of the claim itself.<\/span><\/p>\n

This difficulty is acute in an insolvency context. Statutory extinction under an approved RP, as a ground for non-arbitrability, becomes irrelevant during the appointment of arbitrators. As a result, even Section 2(3), which bars arbitration of non-arbitrable disputes, operates as an abstract declaration.<\/p>\n

Under such a framework, a party unduly dragged under Section 11(6) has to either appeal to the Supreme Court and seek extraordinary constitutional relief or defend proceedings that insolvency law declares as legally non-existent.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n

Vinergy<\/span> reveals not merely a doctrinal gap, but a structural flaw in the contemporary Section 11 framework. Judicial vows of non-interference essentially lead to an unsustainable and contradictory framework that enables abuse of process and undue harassment. Unless the courts recalibrate the reference stage to account for statutory extinction, Article 142<\/a> will remain the only corrective. Limitation and arbitrability, which were once plausible doctrinal anchors for recognising claim extinction, have been displaced, leaving resolution applicants exposed to procedurally revived but substantively defunct claims. The present position, therefore, demands doctrinal clarity, and any constitutional exceptionalism is not a sustainable solution.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

*Law student, NALSAR University of Law. Author can be reached at: vatsalgolyan@nalsar.ac.in<\/a>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1.<\/a> 2025 SCC OnLine SC 3277<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2.<\/a> (2024) 6 SCC 1<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n

3.<\/a> (2021) 9 SCC 657<\/a><\/span> : (2021) 4 SCC (Civ) 638 : (2021) 91 GSTR 28 : (2021) 227 Comp Cas 251.<\/p>\n

4.<\/a> Essar Steel (India) Ltd. (CoC)<\/span> v. Satish Kumar Gupta<\/span><\/span><\/a>, (2020) 8 SCC 531<\/a> : (2020) 219 Comp Cas 97.<\/p>\n

5.<\/a> (2025) 1 SCC 502<\/a>.<\/p>\n

6.<\/a> (2005) 8 SCC 618<\/a> : (2005) 128 Comp Cas 465.<\/p>\n

7.<\/a> Goqii Technologies (P) Ltd.<\/span> v. Sokrati Technologies (P) Ltd.<\/span><\/span><\/a>, (2025) 2 SCC 192<\/a>.<\/p>\n

8.<\/a> (2024) 12 SCC 1<\/a> : (2025) 3 SCC (Civ) 567.<\/p>\n

9.<\/a> 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1098<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

by Vatsal Golyan*<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67011,"featured_media":386455,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[42503,1191],"tags":[106534,106532,106529,106533,106531,106530],"class_list":["post-386454","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-legal-analysis","category-op-ed","tag-arbitration-and-ibc-interface-legal-analysis-india","tag-insolvency-resolution-plan-extinguished-claims-arbitration","tag-pre-insolvency-claims-arbitration-law-india-analysis","tag-procedural-revival-of-claims-post-insolvency-india","tag-section-11-arbitration-act-clean-slate-doctrine-india","tag-vinergy-international-bpcl-arbitration-insolvency-conflict"],"yoast_head":"\nPre-Insolvency Claims and Arbitration Law | SCC Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Analysis of procedural revival of extinguished claims under India's arbitration regime.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2026\/06\/08\/pre-insolvency-claims-arbitration-law-india-analysis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Procedural Revival of Pre-Insolvency Claims under the Indian Arbitration Regime\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Analysis of procedural revival of extinguished claims under India's arbitration regime.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2026\/06\/08\/pre-insolvency-claims-arbitration-law-india-analysis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"SCC Times\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/scc.online\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-06-08T03:30:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/pre-insolvency-claims-arbitration-law-India-analysis.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"886\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"590\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Editor\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"The Procedural Revival of Pre-Insolvency Claims under the Indian Arbitration Regime\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Editor\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.scconline.com\\\/blog\\\/post\\\/2026\\\/06\\\/08\\\/pre-insolvency-claims-arbitration-law-india-analysis\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.scconline.com\\\/blog\\\/post\\\/2026\\\/06\\\/08\\\/pre-insolvency-claims-arbitration-law-india-analysis\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Editor\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.scconline.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/84e42bab48238baf12c7e33b3d9761fe\"},\"headline\":\"The Procedural Revival of Pre-Insolvency Claims under the Indian Arbitration Regime\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-06-08T03:30:59+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.scconline.com\\\/blog\\\/post\\\/2026\\\/06\\\/08\\\/pre-insolvency-claims-arbitration-law-india-analysis\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1533,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.scconline.com\\\/blog\\\/post\\\/2026\\\/06\\\/08\\\/pre-insolvency-claims-arbitration-law-india-analysis\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.scconline.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/06\\\/pre-insolvency-claims-arbitration-law-India-analysis.webp\",\"keywords\":[\"arbitration and IBC interface legal analysis India\",\"insolvency resolution plan extinguished claims arbitration\",\"pre insolvency claims arbitration law India analysis\",\"procedural revival of claims post insolvency India\",\"Section 11 Arbitration Act clean slate doctrine India\",\"Vinergy International BPCL arbitration insolvency conflict\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Op Eds\",\"OP. 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