{"id":376238,"date":"2026-02-20T14:30:13","date_gmt":"2026-02-20T09:00:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=376238"},"modified":"2026-02-20T15:54:41","modified_gmt":"2026-02-20T10:24:41","slug":"pmla-vs-ibc-corporate-assets-conflict-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2026\/02\/20\/pmla-vs-ibc-corporate-assets-conflict-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"The Battle for Control over Corporate Assets in the Shadow of Crime: The Interplay between IBC and PMLA"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\">\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%; font-style: italic;\">The ED has consistently argued that proceeds of crime never lawfully vest in the corporate debtor and therefore do not form part of the insolvency estate.<\/p>\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The interface between the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002801311\" target=\"_blank\">Prevention of Money-Laundering Act, 2002<\/a> (PMLA) and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002802178\" target=\"_blank\">Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016<\/a> (IBC) raises one of the most fundamental questions in contemporary Indian commercial law: Can the State, acting through criminal confiscation, dismantle the insolvency estate that Parliament has statutorily insulated for corporate rescue?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Over the last few years, Indian Courts, and especially the Supreme Court, have answered this question with increasing clarity. While criminal prosecution must proceed, corporate assets undergoing insolvency resolution cannot be fragmented by parallel enforcement action.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">This article examines the statutory framework and the evolution of judicial doctrine that has led Indian law to give precedence to insolvency resolution over penal attachment.<\/p>\n<h2>Two statutes in different operating fields governing a single asset pool, and the conflict for control<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The conflict between <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002801311\" target=\"_blank\">PMLA<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002802178\" target=\"_blank\">IBC<\/a> is not a routine problem of overlapping jurisdiction. It arises from the collision of two public law regimes, each claiming control over the same corporate asset. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002801311\" target=\"_blank\">PMLA<\/a> embodies the State&#8217;s punitive authority to identify, attach and confiscate &#8220;proceeds of crime&#8221; so that no offender is allowed to benefit from unlawful activity. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002802178\" target=\"_blank\">IBC<\/a>, on the other hand, embodies the State&#8217;s regulatory-economic authority to curtail value destruction of the corporate enterprise and restore and revive such enterprise through a collective, time-bound resolution process.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">When a company accused of financial wrongdoing and is entangled in economic offences enters the corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002801311\" target=\"_blank\">PMLA<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002802178\" target=\"_blank\">IBC<\/a> come into direct conflict. The Enforcement Directorate (ED) seeks to remove the company&#8217;s assets from commercial circulation through attachment. The insolvency regime seeks to preserve those same assets through the resolution mechanism so that creditors may be paid, and the enterprise may be revived. If both statutes were allowed to operate simultaneously on the same property, the insolvency process would collapse. It is therefore the law, not administrative discretion, that must determine which regime should prevail.<\/p>\n<h2>The IBC is a complete code for the revival and resolution of an enterprise, and the PMLA is a hindrance to such revival<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002802178\" target=\"_blank\">IBC<\/a> was enacted as a complete code to resuscitate distressed companies. Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001549629\" target=\"_blank\">14<\/a> imposes a moratorium that bars any action to recover, foreclose, or enforce any right against the assets of the corporate enterprise undergoing resolution. It is thus the legislative intention to suspend all external enforcement so that the enterprise&#8217;s value can be preserved for complete resolution, and that once revived, it starts on a clean slate.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001549738\" target=\"_blank\">238<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002802178\" target=\"_blank\">IBC<\/a> reinforces this framework by giving the Code an overriding effect over all inconsistent laws. Parliament was acutely aware that India&#8217;s economy was plagued by fragmented recovery regimes, and it therefore created a single, dominant insolvency framework to which all claims must yield once CIRP begins. In that statutory design, there is no room for parallel asset seizures, whether by banks or by enforcement agencies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002801311\" target=\"_blank\">PMLA<\/a>, although also containing a non obstante clause, operates in a different legal universe. It is a penal statute aimed at punishment and confiscation, not at corporate governance or economic reconstruction. When the two statutes collide, the latter and more specialised insolvency code must prevail within its field.<\/p>\n<h2>The ED&#8217;s &#8221;tainted property&#8221; theory and its doctrinal infirmity<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The ED has consistently argued that proceeds of crime never lawfully vest in the corporate debtor and therefore do not form part of the insolvency estate. This theory, though rhetorically attractive, is legally unsustainable. Insolvency law does not operate on moral title but on legal and economic reality. Assets standing in the name and control of the corporate debtor are part of its estate until a competent court finally declares otherwise.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">If mere allegation of criminality were sufficient to remove assets from CIRP, any company could be stripped of its property by initiating criminal proceedings. The insolvency framework would then become hostage to enforcement agencies, and resolution would be rendered commercially meaningless. The Supreme Court has, therefore, rejected the idea that &#8220;taint&#8221; displaces the statutory creation of the insolvency estate.<\/p>\n<h2>Section 32-A and the constitutional legitimacy of the clean slate<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Parliament decisively addressed this conflict by inserting Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9000433089\" target=\"_blank\">32-A<\/a> into the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002802178\" target=\"_blank\">IBC<\/a>. This provision grants immunity to the corporate debtor and its assets from offences committed prior to the commencement of CIRP, once a resolution plan is approved and the management changes. In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9000876192\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Manish Kumar<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Union of India<\/span><\/a><a id=\"fnref1\" href=\"#fn1\" title=\"1. (2021) 5 SCC 1 : (2021) 225 Comp Cas 1.\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a>, the Supreme Court upheld this provision, recognising that insolvency law would fail if new owners were exposed to endless criminal and confiscatory proceedings for the sins of past promoters.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The Court held that Parliament was constitutionally entitled to prioritise economic revival over retrospective punishment and that insulating the corporate debtor&#8217;s assets was essential to attract resolution applicants. Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9000433089\" target=\"_blank\">32-A<\/a> thus became the statutory pivot around which the entire <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002801311\" target=\"_blank\">PMLA<\/a>&#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002802178\" target=\"_blank\">IBC<\/a> conflict turned.<\/p>\n<h2>The limits of PMLA supremacy after Vijay Madanlal<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The ED has sought to rely on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9002374338\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Vijay Madanlal Choudhary<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Union of India<\/span><\/a><a id=\"fnref2\" href=\"#fn2\" title=\"2. (2023) 12 SCC 1 : (2023) 21 ITR-OL 1.\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a> to assert supremacy of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002801311\" target=\"_blank\">PMLA<\/a>. That reliance is misplaced. The case of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9002374338\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Vijay Madanlal<\/span><\/a> was a constitutional challenge to the validity of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002801311\" target=\"_blank\">PMLA<\/a>; it did not concern insolvency or the overriding effect of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002802178\" target=\"_blank\">IBC<\/a>. Upholding <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002801311\" target=\"_blank\">PMLA<\/a> as a valid penal statute does not mean that it displaces a later special economic code operating in a different field. At present, a review petition is pending adjudication in <span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9002374338\" target=\"_blank\">Vijay Madanlal case<\/a><\/span> before the Supreme Court.<\/p>\n<h2>The Kalyani Transco doctrine and the final settlement of jurisdiction<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The Supreme Court brought doctrinal clarity in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/QvbQ964I\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Kalyani Transco<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">M\/s Bhushan Power and Steel Ltd.<\/span><\/a><a id=\"fnref3\" href=\"#fn3\" title=\"3. 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1010.\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a>. The Court held that once CIRP is initiated, ED cannot continue attachment proceedings in a manner that removes or immobilises assets forming part of the insolvency estate. While criminal prosecution may proceed, the power of confiscation must yield to the insolvency framework.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">This principle aligns with earlier decisions such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9000980078\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Ghanashyam Mishra &amp; Sons (P) Ltd.<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Edelweiss Asset Reconstruction Co. Ltd.<\/span><\/a><a id=\"fnref4\" href=\"#fn4\" title=\"4. (2021) 9 SCC 657 : (2021) 4 SCC (Civ) 638 : (2021) 91 GSTR 28 : (2021) 227 Comp Cas 251.\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a>, where the Court held that a successful resolution applicant acquires the corporate debtor on a &#8220;clean slate&#8221;, free from all past claims, including statutory and governmental claims. Likewise, in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9000978918\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">JSW Steel Ltd.<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Mahender Kumar Khandelwal<\/span><\/a><a id=\"fnref5\" href=\"#fn5\" title=\"5. (2022) 233 Comp Cas 648 : 2020 SCC OnLine NCLAT 431.\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a>, the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) held that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002801311\" target=\"_blank\">PMLA<\/a> attachments cannot survive a resolution plan approved under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002802178\" target=\"_blank\">IBC<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Together, these decisions establish a coherent doctrine: Insolvency law governs corporate assets, while criminal law governs individual culpability.<\/p>\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The jurisprudence on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002801311\" target=\"_blank\">PMLA<\/a>&#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002802178\" target=\"_blank\">IBC<\/a> interface reflects a profound and deliberate recalibration of State power in the economic sphere. By holding that insolvency law must control corporate assets once CIRP is triggered, the Supreme Court has affirmed that economic reconstruction is a higher public good than immediate confiscation. This does not mean that crime is condoned. Individuals remain fully liable to prosecution and punishment. What the Court has refused to permit is the destruction of corporate value through parallel enforcement that defeats the very purpose of insolvency law.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The doctrinal thread running from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9000876192\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Manish Kumar<\/span><\/a><a id=\"fnref6\" href=\"#fn6\" title=\"6. Manish Kumar v. Union of India, (2021) 5 SCC 1 : (2021) 225 Comp Cas 1.\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a> through <span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9000980078\" target=\"_blank\">Ghanashyam Mishra<\/a><\/span><a id=\"fnref7\" href=\"#fn7\" title=\"7. Ghanashyam Mishra &amp; Sons (P) Ltd. v. Edelweiss Asset Reconstruction Co. Ltd., (2021) 9 SCC 657 : (2021) 4 SCC (Civ) 638 : (2021) 91 GSTR 28 : (2021) 227 Comp Cas 251.\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a> to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/QvbQ964I\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Kalyani Transco<\/span><\/a><a id=\"fnref8\" href=\"#fn8\" title=\"8. 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1010.\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a> is unmistakable. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002802178\" target=\"_blank\">IBC<\/a> creates a legal quarantine around corporate assets. Within that quarantine, all claims, private and public alike, must be resolved through the collective process designed by Parliament. The ED is not a parallel insolvency authority. It must submit to the discipline of IBC, which is aimed towards revival and resolution.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr\/>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">*Partner, Fox &amp; Mandal Solicitors and Advocates.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">**Associate, Fox &amp; Mandal Solicitors and Advocates.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn1\" href=\"#fnref1\">1.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9000876192\" target=\"_blank\">(2021) 5 SCC 1<\/a> : (2021) 225 Comp Cas 1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn2\" href=\"#fnref2\">2.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9002374338\" target=\"_blank\">(2023) 12 SCC 1<\/a> : (2023) 21 ITR-OL 1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn3\" href=\"#fnref3\">3.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/QvbQ964I\" target=\"_blank\">2025 SCC OnLine SC 1010<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn4\" href=\"#fnref4\">4.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9000980078\" target=\"_blank\">(2021) 9 SCC 657<\/a> : (2021) 4 SCC (Civ) 638 : (2021) 91 GSTR 28 : (2021) 227 Comp Cas 251.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn5\" href=\"#fnref5\">5.<\/a> (2022) 233 Comp Cas 648 : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9000978918\" target=\"_blank\">2020 SCC OnLine NCLAT 431<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn6\" href=\"#fnref6\">6.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9000876192\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Manish Kumar<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Union of India<\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9000876192\" target=\"_blank\">(2021) 5 SCC 1<\/a> : (2021) 225 Comp Cas 1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn7\" href=\"#fnref7\">7.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9000980078\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Ghanashyam Mishra &amp; Sons (P) Ltd.<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Edelweiss Asset Reconstruction Co. Ltd.<\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9000980078\" target=\"_blank\">(2021) 9 SCC 657<\/a> : (2021) 4 SCC (Civ) 638 : (2021) 91 GSTR 28 : (2021) 227 Comp Cas 251.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn8\" href=\"#fnref8\">8.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/QvbQ964I\" target=\"_blank\">2025 SCC OnLine SC 1010<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Iram Hassan* and Himanshu Bhawsinghka**<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67011,"featured_media":376262,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20271,93819,55534],"tags":[99160,99161,99155,99157,99158,99154,99156,99159],"class_list":["post-376238","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-experts_corner","category-fox-and-mandal","category-law-firm","tag-corporate-insolvency-ed-attachment-dispute","tag-ibc-overriding-effect-section-238","tag-insolvency-and-money-laundering-attachment-india","tag-kalyani-transco-v-bhushan-power-case-analysis","tag-manish-kumar-ibc-judgment","tag-pmla-vs-ibc-conflict-analysis","tag-section-32a-ibc-immunity","tag-vijay-madanlal-choudhary-pmla-review"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.4 (Yoast SEO v26.4) - 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