{"id":375720,"date":"2026-02-16T10:00:08","date_gmt":"2026-02-16T04:30:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=375720"},"modified":"2026-02-19T12:42:55","modified_gmt":"2026-02-19T07:12:55","slug":"acquittal-in-cheque-dishonour-complainant-challenge-appeal-not-revision-ker-hc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2026\/02\/16\/acquittal-in-cheque-dishonour-complainant-challenge-appeal-not-revision-ker-hc\/","title":{"rendered":"Cheque dishonour complainant is a ‘victim’; Acquittal must be challenged by appeal, not revision: Kerala HC"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Kerala High Court:<\/span> In a case revolving around the maintainability of criminal revision petitions against judgments of acquittal rendered in complaint cases under Section 138<\/a> of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881<\/a> (‘NI Act’), a Single Judge Bench of K. Babu<\/span>, J., while dismissing the revision petitions, held that the cheque dishonour complainant is a ‘victim’ in law and the acquittal must be challenged by preferring an appeal under proviso to Section 372<\/a> of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973<\/a> (‘CrPC’) or Section 378(4)<\/a> CrPC<\/a>, and not through a revision petition, in view of Section 401(4)<\/a> CrPC<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Background<\/h3>\n

The revision petitioner (‘complainant’) filed two complaints under Section 200<\/a> CrPC<\/a> read with Sections 142<\/a> and 143<\/a> of the NI Act<\/a> alleging commission of an offence punishable under Section 138<\/a> of the NI Act<\/a>, wherein the accused was convicted by the Trial Court. The accused preferred criminal appeals before the Sessions Court, which resulted in his acquittal. The complainant thereafter filed criminal revision petitions challenging the judgments of acquittal. When the revision relating to one of the acquittals was presented, the Registry raised the defect whether criminal revision petition was the proper remedy.<\/p>\n

Issue<\/h3>\n

Whether the judgment of acquittal in a complaint case alleging offence under Section 138<\/a> of the NI Act<\/a> is appealable at the instance of the complainant?<\/p>\n

Analysis and Decision<\/h3>\n

The Court noted that Section 401(4)<\/a> CrPC<\/a> provided that where an appeal lies but is not filed, a party who had the right to appeal cannot seek revision. The Court highlighted that Section 372<\/a> CrPC<\/a> mandated that no appeal shall lie from any judgment or order of a criminal court except as provided by the Code or by any other law in force, and further noted that Section 378<\/a> CrPC<\/a> dealt with appeals in cases of acquittal, and sub-sections (4) stipulated that where acquittal is in a case instituted upon a complaint, it required special leave and prescribed time limits for seeking such leave.<\/p>\n

The Court observed that prior to the 2009 amendment, a complainant challenging an acquittal would proceed under Section 378(4)<\/a> CrPC<\/a>. However, post-amendment, the definition of ‘victim’ in Section 2(wa)<\/a> CrPC<\/a> was introduced, and the proviso to Section 372<\/a> CrPC<\/a> conferred a right of appeal on the victim against any order passed by the Court acquitting the accused or convicting for a lesser offence or imposing inadequate compensation.<\/p>\n

The Court noted that Section 142<\/a> of the NI Act<\/a> provided that cognizance of any offence punishable under Section 138<\/a> of the NI Act<\/a> would not be taken except upon a complaint, in writing, made by the payee or the holder in due course of the cheque. The Court clarified that a complainant under Section 138<\/a> of the NI Act<\/a> is a victim as defined in Section 2(wa)<\/a> CrPC<\/a> as the expression ‘victim’ includes not only the person who has suffered any loss or injury caused by reason of any act or omission for which the accused person has been charged, but also includes his or her guardian or legal heir.<\/p>\n

The Court relied on Celestium Financial<\/span> v. A. Gnanasekaran<\/span>, 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1320<\/a>, wherein it was observed that in an offence under Section 138<\/a> of the NI Act<\/a>, the complainant is indeed the victim owing to the dishonour of a cheque and can proceed to prefer an appeal under the proviso to Section 372<\/a> CrPC<\/a>, provided the conditions enabling such an appeal are met. It should be kept in mind that when an appeal is to be preferred by a complainant, he should also be a ‘victim’ and not just an ‘informant’. It was further clarified that if the complainant is not a victim and the case is instituted upon a complaint, then he must seek special leave to appeal from the High Court, however, if he is also a victim, he can proceed under the proviso to Section 372<\/a> CrPC<\/a>. Thus, it was held that a person who is a complainant under Section 200<\/a> CrPC<\/a> alleging an offence under Section 138<\/a> of the NI Act<\/a> has the right to prefer an appeal as a victim under the proviso to Section 372<\/a> CrPC<\/a> and he need not invoke Section 378(4)<\/a> CrPC<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Court observed that a person who files a complaint alleging an offence under Section 138<\/a> of the NI Act<\/a> has the right to prefer an appeal either under Section 378<\/a> CrPC<\/a> or proviso to Section 372<\/a> CrPC<\/a> (corresponding to Section 419 and proviso to Section 413<\/a> of the Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023<\/a> (BNSS)). The Court clarified that once an appeal lies, Section 401(4)<\/a> CrPC<\/a> operates as a bar to a revision at the instance of the party who could have filed an appeal.<\/p>\n

Consequently, the Court rejected the revision petitions as not maintainable while reserving the liberty to the complainant to prefer an appeal. The Court further directed that the period during which the revision petitions remained on the Court’s file would be excluded for reckoning limitation for preferring the appeal.<\/p>\n

[Liji v. State of Kerala, 2026 SCC OnLine Ker 2053<\/a>, decided on 11-2-2026<\/span>]<\/p>\n\n

Advocates who appeared in this case:<\/p>\n

For the Revision Petitioner:<\/span> Abhiram T.K., Arun George. D, S. Krishna Kumar, Advocates.<\/p>\n

For the Respondents:<\/span> EC Bineesh, PP.<\/p>\n

Buy Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973  HERE<\/a><\/h3>\n

\"Code<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

“A complainant under Section 138 of the NI Act is a victim as defined in Section 2(wa) CrPC as the expression ‘victim’ includes not only the person who has suffered any loss or injury caused by reason of any act or omission for which the accused person has been charged, but also includes his or her guardian or legal heir.”<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67538,"featured_media":375744,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,10],"tags":[8991,3029,29922,98845,98843,2523,11481,23584,44017,98844,21594,31664,43835,3728],"class_list":["post-375720","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-casebriefs","category-highcourts","tag-appeal","tag-cheque_bounce","tag-cheque-dishonour","tag-cheque-dishonour-complainant","tag-justice-k-babu","tag-Kerala_High_Court","tag-revision","tag-section-138-ni-act","tag-section-142-ni-act","tag-section-2wa-crpc","tag-section-372-crpc","tag-section-378-crpc","tag-section-401-crpc","tag-Victim"],"yoast_head":"\nAcquittal in cheque dishonour case be challenged in appeal not revision: Ker HC | SCC Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Kerala High Court observes that cheque dishonour complainant is a 'victim' and acquittal in cheque dishonour case must be challenged by appeal and not by revision.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2026\/02\/16\/acquittal-in-cheque-dishonour-complainant-challenge-appeal-not-revision-ker-hc\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cheque dishonour complainant is a 'victim'; 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Narayana Pisharadi, J. rejected this petition in which the petitioner prayed to file an appeal against the judgment passed by the trial court, for an offence punishable under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. This petition was filed by the petitioner to seek relief\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":307526,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2023\/11\/21\/even-voluntarily-signed-blank-cheque-leaf-attract-presumption-under-section-139-of-ni-act-kerala-hc\/","url_meta":{"origin":375720,"position":1},"title":"Even a voluntarily signed blank cheque leaf would attract presumption under section 139 of NI Act: Kerala High Court","author":"Ridhi","date":"November 21, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Kerala High Court stated that the petitioner failed to adduce any cogent evidence to prove that the cheque in question was not aimed at discharging any legally enforceable debt.","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"presumption under section 139 of NI Act","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/presumption-under-section-139-of-NI-Act.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/presumption-under-section-139-of-NI-Act.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/presumption-under-section-139-of-NI-Act.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/presumption-under-section-139-of-NI-Act.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":234041,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2020\/08\/17\/s-138-ni-act-ph-hc-do-sympathetic-consideration-have-any-role-to-play-in-the-matter-of-sentencing-court-discusses\/","url_meta":{"origin":375720,"position":2},"title":"[S. 138 NI Act] P&H HC | Do sympathetic consideration have any role to play in the matter of sentencing? Court discusses","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"August 17, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Punjab and Haryana High Court: Sudhir Mittal, J., while addressing an issue with regard to the dishonour of cheque held that, \"Offence under Section 138 NI Act is quasi-criminal in nature and it is not an offence against society, hence an accused can escape punishment by settling with the complainant.\"\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":225321,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2020\/02\/07\/ker-hc-court-sets-aside-sentence-of-conviction-and-demands-payment-of-fine-in-matter-of-dishonour-of-cheque-under-s-138-of-negotiable-instruments-act\/","url_meta":{"origin":375720,"position":3},"title":"Ker HC | Court sets aside sentence of conviction and demands payment of fine in matter of dishonour of cheque under S. 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"February 7, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Kerala High Court: R. Narayana Pisharadi J., allowed a criminal revision petition in part in a matter relating to Section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. In the present case, the accused had obtained an amount of Rs 5, 00,000 from the complainant on the promise that he would arrange\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":240707,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2020\/12\/15\/bom-hc-does-ni-act-authorises-a-complaintant-to-fill-an-incomplete-cheque-court-discusses-while-reversing-acquittal-of-accused-under-s-138-ni-act\/","url_meta":{"origin":375720,"position":4},"title":"Bom HC | Does NI Act authorises a complainant to fill an incomplete cheque? Court discusses while reversing acquittal of accused under S. 138 NI Act","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"December 15, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Bombay High Court:\u00a0Vibha Kankanwadi, J., reversed the acquittal of the respondent-accused holding him guilty of having committed an offence under Section 138 (dishonour of cheque) of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. Facts on record The complainant had come with a case wherein he stated he had friendly relations with the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":224055,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2020\/01\/09\/bom-hc-s-139-ni-act-imposes-evidentiary-burden-and-not-a-persuasive-burden-acquittal-upheld-where-complainant-failed-to-prove-capacity-to-give-loan\/","url_meta":{"origin":375720,"position":5},"title":"Bom HC | S. 139 NI Act imposes evidentiary burden and not a persuasive burden; acquittal upheld where complainant failed to prove capacity to give loan","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"January 9, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Bombay High Court:\u00a0K.R. Shriram, J., dismissed a criminal appeal filed against the order of the trial court whereby it had acquitted the accused of charges under Section 138\u00a0(dishonour of cheque)\u00a0of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. As per the complainant, she had given a loan of Rs 4.5 lakhs to the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/375720","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/67538"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=375720"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/375720\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":376128,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/375720\/revisions\/376128"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/375744"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=375720"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=375720"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=375720"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}