{"id":368296,"date":"2025-12-01T15:00:57","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T09:30:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=368296"},"modified":"2025-12-05T09:38:41","modified_gmt":"2025-12-05T04:08:41","slug":"investigating-agency-cannot-debit-freeze-account-u-s-106-bnss-bom-hc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2025\/12\/01\/investigating-agency-cannot-debit-freeze-account-u-s-106-bnss-bom-hc\/","title":{"rendered":"Read why Bombay HC held Investigating Agency cannot debit freeze bank accounts involved in cyber fraud under S. 106 BNSS"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\">\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Bombay High Court:<\/span> In a case wherein the issue was whether an Investigating Agency (&#8216;IA&#8217;) has the power to debit freeze a bank account under Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001803802\" target=\"_blank\">106<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001804327\" target=\"_blank\">Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023<\/a> (&#8216;BNSS&#8217;), the Division Bench of Anil L. Pansare and Raj D. Wakode, JJ., quashed and set aside the orders passed by the IA and held that debit freezing of accounts is not permissible under Section 106, however, it can be done in terms of Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001803803\" target=\"_blank\">107<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001804327\" target=\"_blank\">BNSS<\/a>, and that the banks should act in terms of the Citizen Financial Cyber Frauds Reporting and Management System (&#8216;Management System&#8217;).<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">A cyber fraud occurred, and it was alleged that part of the amount of the fraud was credited into the petitioners&#8217; bank accounts due to which their accounts were debit freezed under Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001803802\" target=\"_blank\">106<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001804327\" target=\"_blank\">BNSS<\/a> upon the orders passed by the IA.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The Court noted that in some cases, the IA issued communications to banks directing them to freeze accounts, while in others, the banks acted on their own without any such communication. The Court referred to <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Headstar Global (P) Ltd.<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">State of Kerala<\/span>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/Oqvmm96k\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; text-underline-style: solid; text-underline-mode: continuous; text-underline-color: #467886; color: #467886;\">2025 SCC OnLine Ker 3546<\/span><\/a>,  wherein the Kerala High Court considered <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">State of Maharashtra<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Tapas D. Neogy<\/span>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/Ui4013L3\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; text-underline-style: solid; text-underline-mode: continuous; text-underline-color: #467886; color: #467886;\">(1999) 7 SCC 685<\/span><\/a>, <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">M.T. Enrica Lexie<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Doramma<\/span>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/6GLs7YCN\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; text-underline-style: solid; text-underline-mode: continuous; text-underline-color: #467886; color: #467886;\">(2012) 6 SCC 760<\/span><\/a>, and <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Shento Varghese<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Julfikar Husen<\/span>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/352zs55T\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; text-underline-style: solid; text-underline-mode: continuous; text-underline-color: #467886; color: #467886;\">(2024) 7 SCC 23<\/span><\/a>, and held that the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726935\" target=\"_blank\">Criminal Procedure Code, 1973<\/a> (&#8216;CrPC&#8217;) does not contain any provision for seizure or attachment of the proceeds of crime, except under Chapter VII-A dealing with reciprocal arrangements with other countries. The lacuna that occurred in Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001519318\" target=\"_blank\">102<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726935\" target=\"_blank\">CrPC<\/a> has been cured by keeping Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001803802\" target=\"_blank\">106<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001804327\" target=\"_blank\">BNSS<\/a>, which is akin to Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001519318\" target=\"_blank\">102<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726935\" target=\"_blank\">CrPC<\/a>, and by adding Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001803803\" target=\"_blank\">107<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001804327\" target=\"_blank\">BNSS<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Further, in <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Headstar Global<\/span> (supra) it was held that a police officer investigating a crime must approach the jurisdictional Magistrate under Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001803803\" target=\"_blank\">107<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001804327\" target=\"_blank\">BNSS<\/a> to seek attachment of any property believed to be derived directly or indirectly from a criminal activity and proceed as directed by the Magistrate. It was also clarified that while Section 106 speaks of seizure, Section 107 deals with attachment, forfeiture, and restoration. A seizure under Section 106 can be carried out by a police officer, and an ex post facto report can be submitted to the Magistrate, but an attachment under Section 107 can be effected only upon the Magistrate&#8217;s order, as the purpose of seizure is more to secure evidence during investigation, whereas, an attachment is intended to secure proceeds of crime by preventing its disposal and, thus, ensuring its availability for legal procedure such as forfeiture and distribution to the victims.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The Court noted FAQ 21 of the Management System, which clarifies that banks or other intermediaries are empowered only to place the disputed amount under lien and are not authorised to impose a debit freeze on accounts. Nevertheless, in the present case, certain banks, acting upon communications received from the IA, which did not even direct debit freezing, have proceeded to freeze the bank accounts, thereby causing disruption and losses to the day-to-day financial affairs of the account holders. The Court also clarified that the IA could proceed under Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001803803\" target=\"_blank\">107<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001804327\" target=\"_blank\">BNSS<\/a> to debit freeze or attach a bank account, and that the banks should act in terms of the Management System, unless there is a specific order of debit freezing an account by a competent authority.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The Court, while concluding that an IA has no power to attach or debit freeze an account under Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001803802\" target=\"_blank\">106<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001804327\" target=\"_blank\">BNSS<\/a>, quashed and set aside the orders passed by the IA directing the debit freeze. The Court also permitted the petitioners to seek compensation, if desired, by filing appropriate proceedings.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">[<span style=\"font-weight: bold; color: #632423;\">Kartik Yogeshwar Chatur v. Union of India, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/9p2tKgZj\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2025 SCC OnLine Bom 4778<\/a>, decided on 20-11-2025<\/span>]<\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p>Advocates who appeared in this case:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">For the Petitioners:<\/span> Mahendra Limaye, Counsel.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">For the Respondents:<\/span> S.A. Chaudhari, M. Lalsare, S.G. Karmarkar, R.S. Suryawanshi, P.G. Mewar, V.A. Patait, A. Sambaray, K.N. Lad, K.A. Gowardipe, Counsels.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #000080;\">Buy Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebcwebstore.com\/product_info.php?products_id=1031\" target=\"_blank\">HERE<\/a><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebcwebstore.com\/product_info.php?products_id=1031\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/code-of-criminal-procedure-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Code of Criminal Procedure\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-294422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/code-of-criminal-procedure-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/code-of-criminal-procedure-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/code-of-criminal-procedure-440x293.jpg 440w, https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/code-of-criminal-procedure-650x433.jpg 650w, https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/code-of-criminal-procedure.jpg 886w, https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/code-of-criminal-procedure-60x40.jpg 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-style: italic;\">&#8220;The banks or other intermediaries are empowered only to place the disputed amount under lien and are not authorized to impose a debit freeze on accounts unless there is a specific order to that effect passed by a competent authority.&#8221;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67011,"featured_media":368304,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,10],"tags":[2569,93737,61262,93736,83621,93733,26474,93734,93735],"class_list":["post-368296","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-casebriefs","category-highcourts","tag-Bombay_High_Court","tag-citizen-financial-cyber-frauds-reporting-and-management-system","tag-cyber-fraud","tag-debit-freeze-bank-account","tag-justice-anil-l-pansare","tag-justice-raj-d-wakode","tag-section-102-crpc","tag-section-106-bnss","tag-section-107-bnss"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - 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