{"id":36431,"date":"2016-02-20T15:13:23","date_gmt":"2016-02-20T09:43:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=36431"},"modified":"2016-02-20T15:14:42","modified_gmt":"2016-02-20T09:44:42","slug":"european-court-of-human-rights-holds-covert-and-mass-surveillance-illegal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2016\/02\/20\/european-court-of-human-rights-holds-covert-and-mass-surveillance-illegal\/","title":{"rendered":"European Court of Human Rights holds covert and mass surveillance, illegal"},"content":{"rendered":"

European Court of Human Rights:\u00a0 <\/strong>In a land mark judgment, the Fourth Section of ECHR \u00a0<\/strong>has ruled that \u00a0 \u00a0 mass surveillance of citizens is illegal and that the Hungarian Government had violated Article 8 of the Convention \u00a0 \u00a0 for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms \u00a0(right to respect for private and family life, home and correspondence) due to its failure to include \u201csufficiently precise, effective and comprehensive” safeguards that would limit surveillance to only people it suspected of crimes. The case concerned Hungarian\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 legislation on secret anti-terrorist surveillance introduced in 2011. However, the Court was not convinced that it provided sufficient safeguards to avoid abuse. Notably, the scope of the measures could include virtually anyone in Hungary, with new technologies enabling the government to intercept masses of data easily concerning even persons outside the original range of operation. Furthermore, the ordering of such \u00a0 measures was taking place entirely within the realm of the executive and without an assessment of whether interception of communications was strictly necessary and without any effective remedial \u00a0measures, let alone judicial ones, being in place.<\/p>\n

A specific Anti-Terrorism Task Force was established within the Hungarian Police Force as of\u00a0 January 1, 2011. Its competence is defined in Section 7\/E of Act No. XXXIV of 1994 on the Police, as amended by Act No.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CCVII of 2011. Under this legislation, the task force\u2019s prerogatives in the field of secret intelligence gathering include secret house search and surveillance with recording, opening of letters and parcels, as well as checking and recording the contents of electronic or computerised communications, all this without the consent of the persons concerned. \u00a0A Minister of the government\u00a0 could approve a police request to search people’s houses, mail, phones and laptops if they sought to protect national security.<\/p>\n

The applicants, Hungarian nationals worked for a non-governmental watchdog organisation which was critical of the government and\u00a0 had complained that they could potentially be subjected to unjustified and disproportionately intrusive measures within the framework of \u201cSection 7\/E (3) surveillance\u201d,\u00a0\u00a0 in particular for want of judicial control. They also complained that their exposure to secret surveillance without judicial control or remedy breached their rights under Article 6 (right to a fair hearing\/access to court) and \u00a0Article 13 (right to an effective remedy) read in conjunction with Article 8.<\/p>\n

Observing\u00a0 that the legislation directly affected all users of communication systems and all homes, the Court observed\u00a0 with serious concern that the notion of \u201cpersons concerned identified … as a range of persons\u201d might \u00a0 include indeed any person and be interpreted as paving the way for the unlimited surveillance of a large number of citizens. The Court held:<\/p>\n

\u201cGiven that the scope of the measures could include virtually anyone, that the ordering is taking place entirely within the realm of the executive and without an assessment of strict necessity, that new technologies enable the Government to intercept masses of data easily concerning even persons outside the original range of operation, and given the absence of any effective remedial measures, let alone judicial ones, the Court concludes that there has been a violation of Article 8 of the Convention.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

The Court said the Hungarian Government should be required to interpret the law in a narrow fashion and \u201cverify whether sufficient reasons for intercepting a specific individual’s communications exist in each case\u201d. Every individual case must be looked at carefully and a decision made on each.<\/p>\n

In a seperate concurring opinion, Pinto De Albuquerque, J. reiterated that \u201ca system of secret surveillance\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 designed to protect national security entails a risk of undermining or even destroying democracy on the \u00a0ground of defending it\u201d.\u00a0 However, Aluquerque, J observed that the substance of the judgment (per majority) \u00a0risked failing to allay entirely the serious dangers for citizens\u2019 privacy, the rule of law and democracy resulting from such a legal framework. <\/em>[Case of Szab\u00f3 and Vissy<\/em> v. Hungary<\/em>, Application No. 37138\/14, decided on \u00a0January 12, 2016]<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

European Court of Human Rights:\u00a0 In a land mark judgment, the Fourth Section of ECHR \u00a0has ruled that \u00a0 \u00a0 mass surveillance <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":36441,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,4631],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36431","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-casebriefs","category-international-courts"],"yoast_head":"\nEuropean Court of Human Rights holds covert and mass surveillance, illegal | SCC Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2016\/02\/20\/european-court-of-human-rights-holds-covert-and-mass-surveillance-illegal\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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CCTVs in prisons for better surveillance, laid down","author":"Sucheta","date":"July 27, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"Supreme Court: While deliberating upon the recommendations made by the noted counsel Abhishek Manu Singhvi who acted as the Amicus Curiae in the present case, the Division Bench of T.S. Thakur and R. Banumathi, laid down certain guidelines so as to prevent gross violations of human rights in prisons and\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Supreme Court"","block_context":{"text":"Supreme Court","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/supremecourt\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":246272,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/03\/31\/privacy-2\/","url_meta":{"origin":36431,"position":3},"title":"\u201cDid RICA do enough?\u201d- South Africa\u2019s top Court highlights inadequate privacy safeguards of RICA; declares it unconstitutional","author":"Editor","date":"March 31, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Constitutional Court of South Africa: In a significant judgment delivered last month, the South African Apex Court, with a ratio of 8:2, declared the Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-Related Information Act (hereinafter RICA) to be unconstitutional, due to lack of privacy safeguards. The Court also held\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Constitutional-Court-of-South-Africa","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Constitutional-Court-of-South-Africa.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Constitutional-Court-of-South-Africa.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Constitutional-Court-of-South-Africa.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Constitutional-Court-of-South-Africa.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Constitutional-Court-of-South-Africa.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":221527,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2019\/10\/26\/echr-holocaust-denial-not-protected-by-european-convention-on-human-rights-interference-with-rights-under-arts-10-6-must-be-examined-in-context-of-special-moral-responsibility\/","url_meta":{"origin":36431,"position":4},"title":"ECHR | Holocaust denial not protected by European Convention on Human Rights; interference with rights under Arts. 10 & 6 must be examined in context of special moral responsibility","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"October 26, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"European Court of Human Rights: The Seven-Judge Bench comprising of Yonko Grozev (President), Angelika Nu\u00dfberger, Andr\u00e9 Potocki, S\u00edofra O\u2019Leary, M?rti?\u0161 Mits, Gabriele Kucsko-Stadlmayer, and Lado Chanturia held that there was no violation of Article 10 and 6 of European Convention on Human Rights as claimed by the complainant in the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/C03HBD_2320723b.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/C03HBD_2320723b.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/C03HBD_2320723b.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/C03HBD_2320723b.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/C03HBD_2320723b.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":184984,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2018\/01\/31\/aadhaar-hearing-day-5-detailed-discussion-bench-shyam-divan-issue-surveillance\/","url_meta":{"origin":36431,"position":5},"title":"Aadhaar Hearing [Day 5]: Detailed discussion between Bench and Shyam Divan on the issue of surveillance","author":"Prachi Bhardwaj","date":"January 31, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"On Day 5 of the Aadhaar hearing, the\u00a05-judge bench of Dipak Misra, CJ and Dr. AK Sikri, AM Khanwilkar, Dr. DY Chandrachud and Ashok Bhushan, JJ, heard submissions of Senior Advocate Shyam Divan who continued to argue on the issue of India becoming a complete surveillance state and that Aadhaar\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36431","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36431"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36431\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/36441"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36431"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}