{"id":363937,"date":"2025-10-16T09:00:38","date_gmt":"2025-10-16T03:30:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=363937"},"modified":"2025-10-15T19:13:18","modified_gmt":"2025-10-15T13:43:18","slug":"new-judgment-on-magisterial-order-directing-investigation-stirring-the-settled-waters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2025\/10\/16\/new-judgment-on-magisterial-order-directing-investigation-stirring-the-settled-waters\/","title":{"rendered":"New Judgment on Magisterial Order Directing Investigation: Stirring the Settled Waters"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

The recent view taken by the Supreme Court on 25-7-2025 in Anurag Bhatnagar<\/span> v. State (NCT of Delhi)<\/span>1<\/sup><\/a>, gives rise to a larger conundrum than settling the law on investigation at the order of the Magistrate, insofar as it concludes to state that orders directing investigation by Magistrate in exercise of Section 154(3)<\/a>2<\/sup><\/a> of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973<\/a>3<\/sup><\/a> ought not to be interfered with only because the complainant has not exhausted his remedies under Section 154(1) and\/or Section 154(3), if otherwise the allegations in the application\/complaint discloses the commission of a cognizable offence.<\/p>\n

For almost over a decade since the year 2014, the courts continued to follow the mandate of law laid down by the Supreme Court in Priyanka Srivastava<\/span> v. State of U.P.<\/span>4<\/sup><\/a> and Babu Venkatesh<\/span> v. State of Karnataka<\/span>5<\/sup><\/a> which follows the decision in Priyanka Srivastava<\/span> case<\/span>6<\/sup><\/a> stating that a Magistrate cannot order registration of a first information report (FIR) under Section 156(3)<\/a>7<\/sup><\/a> of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973<\/a> (CrPC) unless the complainant has first exhausted his\/her remedies under Sections 154(1) and (3) CrPC. This significant view was reiterated in Ranjit Singh Bath<\/span> v. State (UT of Chandigarh)<\/span>8<\/sup><\/a>, where the order by a Magistrate stood overturned since the aforestated remedies were not exhausted by the complainant concerned before approaching the Magistrate under Section 156(3) CrPC. Thus, all challenges to such orders which proceeded to direct investigation without ensuring compliance of Section 154(1) and\/or Section 154(3) CrPC, ordinarily succeeded since such orders were clearly within the teeth of the well-settled position.<\/p>\n

Under Section 154(1) CrPC, the complainant must preliminarily report the offence to the officer in charge of a police station, who is then obligated to record it in writing and obtain the informant’s\/complainant’s signature. If the police officers refuse to register the complaint as an FIR, the complainant can invoke his rights under Section 154(3) to raise the matter by submitting a written complaint to the Superintendent of Police (SP)\/Commissioner of Police (CP) who may then investigate the case or delegate\/assign it to a competent officer; subordinate to him. It is only after these steps are adopted and the remedies under Section 154 CrPC as stated above are exhausted, that a complainant can approach the Jurisdictional Magistrate under Section 156(3) CrPC to seek an order for investigation basis his complaint. In the facts of Anurag Bhatnagar case<\/span>9<\/sup><\/a>, the complainant had exhausted none of these remedies and yet the order of the Magistrate stood sustained before the Supreme Court.<\/p>\n

Another concerning factor which has crept in through the judgment in Anurag Bhatnagar<\/span> case<\/span>10<\/sup><\/a>, is dilution of the requirement of the order directing investigation, being a Speaking Order reflecting application of mind as mandated by the Supreme Court in Anil Kumar<\/span> v. M.K. Aiyappa<\/span>11<\/sup><\/a>, which states that:<\/p>\n

11<\/span>. … The application of mind by the Magistrate should be reflected in the order. The mere statement that he has gone through the complaint, documents and heard the complainant, as such, as reflected in the order, will not be sufficient. After going through the complaint, documents and hearing the complainant, what weighed with the Magistrate to order investigation under Section<\/span> 156(3)<\/span> CrPC, should be reflected in the order, though a detailed expression of his views is neither required nor warranted.<\/span><\/p>\n

The above observation is based upon a traditionally well–recognised principle that whenever any power is bestowed upon a judicial officer, it is incumbent that it should be exercised on the basis of sound legal principles by application of mind and by a Speaking Order. Though, the Supreme Court in Anurag Bhatnagar<\/span> case<\/span>12<\/sup><\/a> considers the said principle; interestingly without referring to Anil Kumar<\/span> case<\/span>13<\/sup><\/a> has proceeded to hold as follows:<\/p>\n

40<\/span>. The mere stating in the order that the counsel has been heard and the application and the material produced have been perused, may not be indicative of the fact that the Magistrate had actually applied his mind to the controversy in issue. However, the fact that the perusal of the application and complaint attached to it, satisfied the Magistrate that it discloses a cognizable offence, is very material and relevant which proves the application of mind by him.14<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

The aforesaid observation is diametrically contrary to the earlier views taken by the Supreme Court which state that a stray statement in the order by the Magistrate that he has gone through the complaint, perused the documents and heard the complainant, will not be sufficient. Whenever an application is filed by the complainant before the Magistrate seeking investigation by police under Section<\/span> 156(3)<\/span> CrPC, it is the duty of the Magistrate to apply his mind for the purpose of ascertaining whether the allegations levelled in the complaint constitute any cognizable offence or not. The Magistrate cannot ascertain whether the complaint is false or otherwise, however, the Magistrate is obliged before he passes an order directing police investigation to closely evaluate whether the mandatory ingredients to constitute the offence as alleged are made out on plain reading of the complaint or not, and that the aforesaid exercise must be clearly spelt out and reflected in the order directing investigation.<\/span><\/p>\n

The analogous provision for Section 156 CrPC in the Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023<\/a> (BNSS)15<\/sup><\/a> is Section<\/span> 175(3)16<\/sup><\/a>. Three prominent changes that have been introduced by the enactment of the BNSS, which clearly spell out the intent of the legislature to statutorily require the Magistrate to pass reasoned Speaking Orders, which are as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n

(1) First, an application to the CP\/SP upon refusal by the police officers to lodge the FIR, has been made mandatory, and the applicant making an application under Section 175(3) is required to furnish a copy of the application made to the CP\/SP under Section<\/span> 173(4)17<\/sup><\/a> of the BNSS<\/span>, which is supported by a sworn affidavit, while making the application to the Magistrate under Section<\/span> 175(3) of the<\/span> BNSS.<\/span><\/p>\n

(2) Second, the Magistrate is entitled to conduct an enquiry as deemed necessary by him prior to directing an investigation by police.<\/p>\n

(3) Third, the Magistrate is bound to afford a hearing to the officer in charge of the police station concerned in relation to the refusal by police to register an FIR before passing any under Section 175(3).<\/p>\n

Clearly the settled waters have been stirred as the judgment of the Supreme Court in Anurag Bhatnagar<\/span> case<\/span>18<\/sup><\/a> proceeds without referring to, much less considering the decade old jurisprudence settled in Priyanka Srivastava<\/span> case<\/span>19<\/sup><\/a> which to-date continued to operate as the governing parameter to test the validity of orders passed by Magistrates directing investigation of crime by the police. The view taken in Anurag Bhatnagar<\/span> case<\/span>20<\/sup><\/a> may reintroduce the era prior to Priyanka Srivastava<\/span> case<\/span>21<\/sup><\/a> where mechanical orders directing investigation basis observations such as “perused the complaint and documents along with the complaint and heard the complainant” and those lacking necessary compliance of exhaustion of remedies under Section<\/span> 154<\/span> CrPC by the complainant, shall now stand the test of law and would lead to an unhealthy situation. The inconsistency of views as reflected above has larger implications since the issue involved touches the foremost step i.e. setting of the criminal law in motion and thus deals with the very fundamental principle of criminal jurisprudence, and therefore consideration of this issue by a larger Bench of the Supreme Court is the appropriate remedy than merely terming Anurag Bhatnagar<\/span> case<\/span>22<\/sup><\/a> as per incuriam.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

*Advocate, Bombay High Court. Author can be reached at: advocatearjunkadam@gmail.com<\/a>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1.<\/a> 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1514<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2.<\/a> Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, S. 154(3)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

3.<\/a> Criminal Procedure Code, 1973<\/a>.<\/p>\n

4.<\/a> (2015) 6 SCC 287<\/a>.<\/p>\n

5.<\/a> (2022) 5 SCC 639<\/a>.<\/p>\n

6.<\/a> (2015) 6 SCC 287<\/a>.<\/p>\n

7.<\/a> Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, S. 156(3)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

8.<\/a> 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1479<\/a>.<\/p>\n

9.<\/a> 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1514<\/a>.<\/p>\n

10.<\/a> 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1514<\/a>.<\/p>\n

11.<\/a> (2013) 10 SCC 705<\/a>, 711.<\/p>\n

12.<\/a> 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1514<\/a>.<\/p>\n

13.<\/a> (2013) 10 SCC 705<\/a>.<\/p>\n

14.<\/a> Anurag Bhatnagar case<\/span>, 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1514.<\/p>\n

15.<\/a> Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023<\/a>.<\/p>\n

16.<\/a> Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, S. 175(3)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

17.<\/a> Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, S. 173(4)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

18.<\/a> 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1514<\/a>.<\/p>\n

19.<\/a> (2015) 6 SCC 287<\/a>.<\/p>\n

20.<\/a> 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1514<\/a>.<\/p>\n

21.<\/a> (2015) 6 SCC 287<\/a>.<\/p>\n

22.<\/a> 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1514<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

by Arjun Kadam*<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67011,"featured_media":363954,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[42503,1191],"tags":[90940,76850,74322,90939,72150,89775,72153,90938,44244],"class_list":["post-363937","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-legal-analysis","category-op-ed","tag-anuragbhatnagarcase","tag-bnss2023","tag-criminallaw","tag-firlaw","tag-indianjudiciary","tag-legalreform","tag-legalupdate","tag-magisterialpowers","tag-supremecourt"],"yoast_head":"\nNew Judgment on Magisterial Order Directing Investigation: Stirring the Settled Waters | SCC Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The recent view taken by the Supreme Court on 25-7-2025 in Anurag Bhatnagar v. 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Phaneendra, J., decided a criminal petition filed under Section 482 of CrPC, wherein it quashed the order passed by the learned Magistrate under Section 156(3) of CrPC directing investigation in a criminal case. The respondent-applicant had filed a private complaint\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":371866,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2026\/01\/06\/magistrate-ordered-investigation-section-175-3-bnss-analysis\/","url_meta":{"origin":363937,"position":1},"title":"Analysis of Magistrate Ordered Investigations under the BNSS","author":"Editor","date":"January 6, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"by Aditya Malhotra* and Pranay Maladi**","rel":"","context":"In "Experts Corner"","block_context":{"text":"Experts Corner","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/experts_corner\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Section 175(3) BNSS Magistrate-Ordered Investigation","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/blog-25-14.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/blog-25-14.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/blog-25-14.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/blog-25-14.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":240253,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2020\/12\/07\/chh-hc-whether-writ-of-mandamus-be-filed-under-art-226-of-the-constitution-of-india-directing-the-jurisdictional-police-to-register-an-offence-under-s-1541-crpc\/","url_meta":{"origin":363937,"position":2},"title":"Chh HC | Whether writ of mandamus be filed under Art. 226 of the Constitution of India directing the jurisdictional police to register an offence under S. 154(1) CrPC?","author":"Editor","date":"December 7, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Chhattisgarh High Court: Sanjay K. Agrawal J. dismissed the petition based on settled position of law. \u00a0The facts of the case are such that the respondents 5 to 12 and investigate the matter against them through Special Investigation team. Hence, The question for consideration is whether a writ of mandamus\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":241433,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2020\/12\/29\/mp-hc-it-is-true-that-alternative-remedy-is-not-an-absolute-bar-to-a-writ-petition-but-it-is-equally-well-settled-that-if-there-is-an-alternative-remedy-the-high-court-should-not-ordinarily-interfe\/","url_meta":{"origin":363937,"position":3},"title":"MP HC | It is true that alternative remedy is not an absolute bar to a writ petition, but it is equally well settled that if there is an alternative remedy HC should not ordinarily interfere","author":"Editor","date":"December 29, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Madhya Pradesh High Court: S.A. Dharmadhikari, J., dismissed the instant petition filed under Articles 226 and 227. The facts of the case follow as, the respondent, who was a person of criminal antecedents, had come with his relatives armed with Pharsas and Guns to the petitioner and threatened to eliminate\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":215098,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2019\/05\/28\/chh-hc-principles-laid-down-by-sc-for-registration-of-fir-doctors-under-s-1541-crpc-apply-with-equal-force-to-cjm-acting-under-s-1563\/","url_meta":{"origin":363937,"position":4},"title":"Chh HC | Principles laid down by SC for registration of FIR against doctors under S. 154(1) CrPC, apply with equal force while CJM acting under S. 156(3)","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"May 28, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Chhattisgarh High Court:\u00a0Sanjay K. Agarwal, J. while allowing a writ petition filed by a registered medical practitioner, held that the jurisdictional criminal court has to follow the directions issued by\u00a0the Supreme Court in the matters of\u00a0Jacob Mathew v. State of Punjab,\u00a0(2005) 6 SCC 1 and\u00a0Martin F. D'Souza v. Mohd. Ishfaq,\u00a0(2009)\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":340890,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2025\/02\/10\/for-ordering-investigation-under-s-1753-bnss-magistrate-to-hear-police-officer-for-reasoned-order-orissa-hc\/","url_meta":{"origin":363937,"position":5},"title":"Magistrate must hear Police Officer and pass reasoned order before ordering investigation under S. 175(3) of BNSS : Orissa HC reiterates","author":"Editor","date":"February 10, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201cIf the allegations made in the complaint are simple, where the Court can straight away proceed to conduct the trial, the Magistrate is expected to record evidence and proceed further in the matter, instead of passing the buck to the police under Section 156(3) of the CrPC.\u201d","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Orissa High Court","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Orissa-High-Court.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Orissa-High-Court.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Orissa-High-Court.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Orissa-High-Court.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/363937","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/67011"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=363937"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/363937\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/363954"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=363937"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=363937"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=363937"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}