{"id":363677,"date":"2025-10-14T09:00:43","date_gmt":"2025-10-14T03:30:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=363677"},"modified":"2025-10-14T08:36:49","modified_gmt":"2025-10-14T03:06:49","slug":"understanding-third-party-arbitration-funding-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2025\/10\/14\/understanding-third-party-arbitration-funding-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding Third-Party Arbitration Funding in India"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\n.animate-charcter{background-image: linear-gradient(-225deg, #231557 0%, #44107a 29%, #ff1361 67%, #fff800 100%); background-size: 200% auto; -webkit-background-clip: text; -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent; animation: textclip 0s linear infinite;}\n@keyframes textclip {to {background-position: 200% center;}}\n<\/style>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\">\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<p class=\"animate-charcter\" style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8220;The idea behind all forms of risk shifting is that risks are shifted to the party best able to bear them though its wealth and its ability to pool risks.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p class=\"animate-charcter\" style=\"margin-bottom: 3%; text-align: right;\">Kenneth J. Arrow<a id=\"fnref1\" href=\"#fn1\" title=\"1. Kenneth J. Arrow, &#8220;Insurance, Risk and Resource Allocation&#8221;, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship (ssrn.com, 1971).\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Third-party funding (hereinafter, &#8220;TPF&#8221;) may be understood as the financial support provided by a non-party to a dispute, typically to cover legal costs in return for a share of the proceeds from a successful claim. The transaction generally includes a non-party funder agreeing to underwrite a claimant&#8217;s costs in exchange for a share of potentially recoverable proceeds. TPF has emerged to be a transformative mechanism in international arbitration, for both the parties involved.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Many jurisdictions, including UK and Singapore, have built robust frameworks around TPF. Whereas, in India this seems to be an unregulated avenue. But there also seem to be caveats regarding conflicts over case strategy, risk of &#8220;champertous&#8221;<a id=\"fnref2\" href=\"#fn2\" title=\"2. Victoria Shannon Sahani, &ldquo;Rethinking the Impact of Third-Party Funding on Access to Civil Justice&#8221;, (2020) 69 DePaul Law Review 611.\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a> or frivolous claims, and concerns over confidentiality when funding agreements must be disclosed. Also, it may be argued that parties that lack &#8220;skin in the game&#8221;, may pursue weak claims simply because the financial risk has been externalised.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">In India, the discourse over TPF is in a nascent stage thereby we do not have clear legislative or precedent guidelines to regulate TPF business in India. The courts have treated TPF under broad contract-law principles or by analogy to prohibitions on champerty and maintenance. While increasingly common in international commercial arbitration, its legal and regulatory framework in India remains underdeveloped. Against this backdrop, a critically evaluated introduction to TPF in India must ask: How can policymakers and the judiciary strike the optimal balance between fostering access to justice and safeguarding the integrity of India&#8217;s dispute-resolution ecosystem?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">This paper examines the status of TPF under Indian law, key judicial pronouncements, challenges related to enforceability and liability, and the need for a formal regulatory structure.<\/p>\n<h2>Concept of third-party funding<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The CIArb in their proposed guidelines for TPF have proposed the definition for TPF as &#8220;A contractual arrangement in which an external entity (the funder) finances some or all of a party&#8217;s legal fees and expenses to pursue or defend a claim. In exchange, the funder is entitled to either a share of any financial recovery or a multiple of its invested amount if the claim is successful. If the claim fails, the funder typically bears the loss.&#8221;<a id=\"fnref3\" href=\"#fn3\" title=\"3. Guideline on Third-Party Funding, CIArb (ciarb.org, 2025).\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">TPF is a type of funding arrangement where someone who is not part of the dispute (called the funder) agrees to pay for the legal costs of a party involved in the case. In return, the funder gets a part of the money awarded or settled, if the case is successful. Mostly, this kind of funding is non-recourse, meaning if the party loses the case, the funder does not get anything back. Funders are usually hedge funds, banks, or companies that only deal with litigation finance. In India, there is no special law for TPF, so it is mostly controlled by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726954\" target=\"_blank\">Contract Act, 1872<\/a><a id=\"fnref4\" href=\"#fn4\" title=\"4. Contract Act, 1872.\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a>. This kind of funding is more common in civil cases and arbitration matters, especially when the dispute is related to business.<\/p>\n<h2>The parties<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Usually, it is the claimants (even the ones making counterclaims) who get TPF, since they are the ones who might receive money if the case goes well.<a id=\"fnref5\" href=\"#fn5\" title=\"5. Cyril Shroff, &#8220;Third-Party Funding in India&#8221;, Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas (www.cyrilshroff.com).\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a> TPF works on the idea that the funder gets a share from that money. But nowadays, there are also new methods like insurance or other risk transfer tools being used, even by defendants. The funders are not just litigation funding companies anymore &#8212; investment banks, hedge funds, insurance firms, and even pension funds are putting money into legal disputes as a kind of financial investment. Some funders already have the money to invest, while others collect money for specific cases. Funders mostly want to hide their identity from the opposite party and also from the Tribunal because they want to keep the funding agreement terms private and safe<a id=\"fnref6\" href=\"#fn6\" title=\"6. Kaira Pinheiro and Dishay Chitalia, Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration : Devising a Legal Framework for India, (2021) 14 NUJS L Rev 252\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a>. Also, if the arbitrator has any kind of connection with the funder, it might cause a conflict of interest, which can delay the arbitration process. Such conflict can also lead to someone challenging the arbitrator&#8217;s appointment, which funders want to avoid.<a id=\"fnref7\" href=\"#fn7\" title=\"7. Kaira Pinheiro and Dishay Chitalia, Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration : Devising a Legal Framework for India, (2021) 14 NUJS L Rev 252.\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The Supreme Court has also emphasised that:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%; margin-left: 36pt;\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">38.<\/span> In India, funding of litigation by advocates is not explicitly prohibited, but a conjoint reading of Rule 18 (fomenting litigation), Rule 20 (contingency fees), Rule 21 (share or interest in an actionable claim) and Rule 22 (participating in bids in execution, etc.)<a id=\"fnref8\" href=\"#fn8\" title=\"8. Bar Council of India Rules, 1975, Rr. 18, 20, 21 and 22.\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a> would strongly suggest that advocates in India cannot fund litigation on behalf of their clients. There appears to be no restriction on third parties (non-lawyers) funding the litigation and getting repaid after the outcome of the litigation.<a id=\"fnref9\" href=\"#fn9\" title=\"9. BCI v. A.K. Balaji, (2018) 5 SCC 379, 411.\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Thereby highlighting that TPF by advocates is illegal, whereas there appears to be no bar for non-advocates to fund litigation (hence, also arbitration).<\/p>\n<h2>The coverage<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">TPF does not just cover lawyer fees &#8212; it can also pay for court or tribunal charges, expert witness fees, predeposits, even the cost orders from the other side, and other expenses related to the dispute.<\/p>\n<h2>Legal status of TPF in India<\/h2>\n<p style=\"font-style: italic; background-image: linear-gradient(to left, #FFFFFF, rgb(236, 198, 198));\">Permissibility of TPF in India<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Under Indian law, TPF is generally considered permissible so long as it does not violate public policy. The seminal decision in <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Ram Coomar Coondoo<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Chunder Canto Mookerjee<\/span><a id=\"fnref10\" href=\"#fn10\" title=\"10. 1876 SCC OnLine PC 19.\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/a> (1876) by the Privy Council made clear that agreements funding a litigant in return for a portion of recovery are lawful &#8212; so long as they are not extortionate or unconscionable. The Council observed that &#8220;a fair agreement to supply funds to carry on a suit in consideration of having a share of the property, if recovered, ought not to be regarded as being, per se, opposed to public policy&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">All through subsequent judicial pronouncements &#8212; like <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Ram Sarup<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Court of Wards<\/span><a id=\"fnref11\" href=\"#fn11\" title=\"11. 1939 SCC OnLine PC 55.\"><sup>11<\/sup><\/a> (1940), <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Vatsavaya Venkata Jagapati<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Poosapati Venkatapati<\/span><a id=\"fnref12\" href=\"#fn12\" title=\"12. 1924 SCC OnLine PC 22.\"><sup>12<\/sup><\/a> (1924), <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Shankarappa Kotrabasappa Harpanhalli<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Khatumbi Kom Jamaluddinsab Nashipudi<\/span> <a id=\"fnref13\" href=\"#fn13\" title=\"13. 1932 SCC OnLine Bom 9.\"><sup>13<\/sup><\/a> (1932) &#8212; Indian courts have reiterated that the torts of champerty and maintenance are not applicable by default, and TPF agreements survive scrutiny under principles of equity and contractual freedom. Recent scholarly works, like those by Payal Chawla<a id=\"fnref14\" href=\"#fn14\" title=\"14. Payal Chawla and Aastha Bhardwaj, &#8220;Arbitration Reforms: The Crying Need for Legislation on Third-Party Funding&#8221;, Bar &amp; Bench (www.barandbench.com, 2023).\"><sup>14<\/sup><\/a>, further emphasise that funding agreements are void if they are unconscionable, thereby emphasising the need of TPF as a tool for access to justice.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">While India does not yet include TPF within the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726958\" target=\"_blank\">Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996<\/a><a id=\"fnref15\" href=\"#fn15\" title=\"15. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.\"><sup>15<\/sup><\/a>, arbitration institutions like Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) or International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) require disclosure of funding agreements under their institutional rules, demonstrating an informal recognition of TPF&#8217;s legitimacy and need for transparent governance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-style: italic; background-image: linear-gradient(to left, #FFFFFF, rgb(236, 198, 198));\">Enforcement rights of funders<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Funders &#8212; who are non-signatories to the arbitration agreement &#8212; do not have standing under Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001544954\" target=\"_blank\">48(1)(<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">a<\/span>)<\/a><a id=\"fnref16\" href=\"#fn16\" title=\"16. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, S. 48(1)(a).\"><sup>16<\/sup><\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726958\" target=\"_blank\">Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996<\/a><\/span> to seek enforcement or oppose enforcement of awards. In <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Gemini Bay Transcription (P) Ltd.<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Integrated Sales Service Ltd.<\/span><a id=\"fnref17\" href=\"#fn17\" title=\"17. (2022) 1 SCC 753.\"><sup>17<\/sup><\/a> (2022), the Supreme Court made it clear that non-signatories can only be involved in enforcement proceedings in very limited circumstances allowed by Section 48(2), where they may rely on defences available through Explanation 1(<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">iii<\/span>). But broadly, enforcement rights under Section 48 remain exclusive to signatories.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Hence, funders cannot initiate enforcement or challenge awards. Their role remains financial and supportive unless they are expressly made party to the arbitration agreement.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-style: italic; background-image: linear-gradient(to left, #FFFFFF, rgb(236, 198, 198));\">Liability of funders under arbitral awards<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">In the notable case <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Tomorrow Sales Agency (P) Ltd.<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">SBS Holdings Inc.<\/span><a id=\"fnref18\" href=\"#fn18\" title=\"18. 2023 SCC OnLine Del 3191.\"><sup>18<\/sup><\/a> (2023), the Delhi High Court held that the funder (Tomorrow Sales Agency or TSA) cannot be made liable to satisfy an adverse award if they are not a party to the arbitration agreement or a judgment-debtor under the award.<\/p>\n<h2>Facts and finding<\/h2>\n<p style=\"\">TSA funded the arbitration under a bespoke funding agreement (BFA) with non-recourse terms. When the funded party lost and an award for costs was issued against them, SBS sought to enforce against TSA. The Delhi High Court&#8217;s Division Bench held that<a id=\"fnref19\" href=\"#fn19\" title=\"19. Tomorrow Sales case, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 3191.\"><sup>19<\/sup><\/a>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;\">(1) TSA had no express obligation to cover adverse costs.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;\">(2) Under SIAC Rules, TSA was not a party, and no steps were taken to add them as such.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;\">(3) Enforcement under Section 36(1)<a id=\"fnref20\" href=\"#fn20\" title=\"20. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, S. 36(1).\"><sup>20<\/sup><\/a> of the Arbitration and Reconciliation Act, 1996 read with Civil Procedure Code, 1908 (CPC)<a id=\"fnref21\" href=\"#fn21\" title=\"21. Civil Procedure Code, 1908.\"><sup>21<\/sup><\/a> applies only to judgment-debtors; TSA did not qualify as one.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; margin-bottom: 3%;\">(4) Imposing unwarranted liability would deter TPF and restrict access to justice.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The Court emphasised that TPFs promote access to justice by enabling under-resourced litigants to pursue substantive claims.<a id=\"fnref22\" href=\"#fn22\" title=\"22. Tomorrow Sales case, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 3191, the relevant portion of the judgment has been reproduced as under:\"><sup>22<\/sup><\/a> Without them, many cases would never see the light of court or tribunal.<\/p>\n<h2>Key issues and challenges<\/h2>\n<p style=\"font-style: italic; background-image: linear-gradient(to left, #FFFFFF, rgb(236, 198, 198));\">Lack of regulation<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">India does not yet have a dedicated regulatory structure governing TPF. Issues such as conflicts of interest, disclosure obligations, confidentiality, and undue funder influence on proceedings remain largely unaddressed. For instance, funders might wield undue control over decision-making without any statutory constraints. Notifications required under Section<\/span> 12<a id=\"fnref23\" href=\"#fn23\" title=\"23. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, S. 12.\"><sup>23<\/sup><\/a> of the<\/span> Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 &#8212; where arbitrators must disclose any ties that might create bias &#8212; are not clearly extended to funders, leaving unresolved questions around tribunal impartiality.<a id=\"fnref24\" href=\"#fn24\" title=\"24. Third Party Funding Arbitration in India, RR Legal Partners (rrlegalpartners.com).\"><sup>24<\/sup><\/a> Moreover, prevailing institutional rules (e.g., SIAC, ICC) do require disclosure of funding arrangements, but there is no domestic law requiring public or tribunal disclosure in Indian arbitrations &#8212; resulting in opacity and scope for potential funder influence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-style: italic; background-image: linear-gradient(to left, #FFFFFF, rgb(236, 198, 198));\">Enforceability concerns<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Under current legal interpretations, funders cannot initiate enforcement actions or be targeted in enforcement proceedings unless they are explicitly added as a party to the arbitration. The Supreme Court&#8217;s judgment in <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Gemini Bay<\/span><a id=\"fnref25\" href=\"#fn25\" title=\"25. (2022) 1 SCC 753.\"><sup>25<\/sup><\/a> underscored this: only signatories to the arbitration agreement can challenge or enforce awards under Section 48. This limitation breeds uncertainty not only for financed claimants &#8212; who cannot rely on their funder to uphold an award &#8212; but also for award-holders unable to collect from a funder unless they are contractually bound or joined in the case.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-style: italic; background-image: linear-gradient(to left, #FFFFFF, rgb(236, 198, 198));\">Ethical and public policy concerns<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Though classic doctrines of champerty and maintenance are technically defunct in India, their underlying public policy rationales &#8212; such as guarding against commodification of litigation &#8212; remain relevant. Courts will still strike down or refuse to enforce TPF agreements that are deemed &#8220;unconscionable&#8221; or made in bad faith.<a id=\"fnref26\" href=\"#fn26\" title=\"26. Gemini Bay case, (2022) 1 SCC 753; Sreeja Sengupta, Third Party Funding in International Commercial Arbitration: Confidentiality Concerns, IndiaCorpLaw (indiacorplaw.in).\"><sup>26<\/sup><\/a> Further, there is a genuine concern about funders exerting undue influence on case strategy or settlement decisions, which may undermine party autonomy and tribunal integrity. Confidentiality too is a pressing issue: funders, often strangers to the proceedings, may gain access to privileged information, yet are not legally bound by Indian privilege rules &#8212; thus creating risk of misuse or leaks.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Together, these deficiencies show that, without specific statutes or regulatory mechanisms, TPF in India operates in a largely unregulated grey zone &#8212; generating risks not just for funders and funded parties, but also for the integrity and fairness of arbitration as a dispute-resolution mechanism.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-style: italic; background-image: linear-gradient(to left, #FFFFFF, rgb(236, 198, 198));\">The way forward for India<\/p>\n<p>India must adopt a balanced regulatory framework that:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;\">(1) Legalises and legitimises TPF in arbitration.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;\">(2) Mandates disclosure of funding arrangements to Arbitral Tribunals and courts.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;\">(3) Prevents conflicts of interest by codifying ethical standards.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;\">(4) Protects funders and funded parties via contractual safeguards and limited liability clauses.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; margin-bottom: 3%;\">(5) Encourages institutional arbitration centers in India [like Mumbai Centre for International Arbitration (MCIA), India International Arbitration Centre (IIAC)] to issue guidelines on TPF.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The Indian court system has progressed to accepting TPF so long as the contract is clearly drafted and not exploitative. The judiciary has smartly balanced the interests of claimants and funders on the one hand, and the need for transparency and autonomy of tribunals on the other. Interestingly, the Delhi High Court also hinted that a regulatory framework requiring transparency and minimum disclosure norms may help guard against abuse &#8212; while preserving TPF&#8217;s critical function in promoting access to justice.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">TPF holds immense potential to democratise access to justice and increase India&#8217;s competitiveness as a hub for international arbitration. However, in the absence of a statutory framework, stakeholders operate in a legal vacuum. Judicial decisions like <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Gemini Bay<\/span><a id=\"fnref27\" href=\"#fn27\" title=\"26. Gemini Bay case, (2022) 1 SCC 753; Sreeja Sengupta, Third Party Funding in International Commercial Arbitration: Confidentiality Concerns, IndiaCorpLaw (indiacorplaw.in).\"><sup>27<\/sup><\/a> and <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Tomorrow Sales<\/span><a id=\"fnref28\" href=\"#fn28\" title=\"28. 2023 SCC OnLine Del 3191.\"><sup>28<\/sup><\/a> clarify some aspects, but a comprehensive regulatory regime remains the need of the hour.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr\/>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">*Assistant Professor and Head of Centre for Commercial Arbitration, Hidayatullah National Law University (HNLU). Author can be reached at: <a href=\"mailto:amitesh.deshmukh@hnlu.ac.in\" target=\"_blank\">amitesh.deshmukh@hnlu.ac.in<\/a>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn1\" href=\"#fnref1\">1.<\/a> Kenneth J. Arrow, &#8220;Insurance, Risk and Resource Allocation&#8221;, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign&#8217;s Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship (ssrn.com, 1971).<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn2\" href=\"#fnref2\">2.<\/a> Victoria Shannon Sahani, &#8220;Rethinking the Impact of Third-Party Funding on Access to Civil Justice&#8221;, (2020) 69 DePaul Law Review 611.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn3\" href=\"#fnref3\">3.<\/a> Guideline on Third-Party Funding, CIArb (ciarb.org, 2025).<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn4\" href=\"#fnref4\">4.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/xAi185p6\" target=\"_blank\">Contract Act, 1872<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn5\" href=\"#fnref5\">5.<\/a> Cyril Shroff, &#8220;Third-Party Funding in India&#8221;, Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas (www.cyrilshroff.com).<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn6\" href=\"#fnref6\">6.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/8oYO1ERs\" target=\"_blank\">Kaira Pinheiro and Dishay Chitalia, Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration : Devising a Legal Framework for India, (2021) 14 NUJS L Rev 252<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn7\" href=\"#fnref7\">7.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/8oYO1ERs\" target=\"_blank\">Kaira Pinheiro and Dishay Chitalia, Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration : Devising a Legal Framework for India, (2021) 14 NUJS L Rev 252<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn8\" href=\"#fnref8\">8.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/Hdd0CSR3\" target=\"_blank\">Bar Council of India Rules, 1975, Rr. 18, 20, 21 and 22.<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn9\" href=\"#fnref9\">9.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002870618\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">BCI<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">A.K. Balaji<\/span>, (2018) 5 SCC 379, 411.<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn10\" href=\"#fnref10\">10.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/O99p680T\" target=\"_blank\">1876 SCC OnLine PC 19<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn11\" href=\"#fnref11\">11.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/mUcaKW4V\" target=\"_blank\">1939 SCC OnLine PC 55<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn12\" href=\"#fnref12\">12.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/wbxbbMl2\" target=\"_blank\">1924 SCC OnLine PC 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn13\" href=\"#fnref13\">13.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/S1779a3B\" target=\"_blank\">1932 SCC OnLine Bom 9<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn14\" href=\"#fnref14\">14.<\/a> Payal Chawla and Aastha Bhardwaj, &#8220;Arbitration Reforms: The Crying Need for Legislation on Third-Party Funding&#8221;, Bar &amp; Bench <a href=\"%28www.barandbench.com\" target=\"_blank\">(www.barandbench.com<\/a>, 2023).<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn15\" href=\"#fnref15\">15.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/QWdt5a4f\" target=\"_blank\">Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn16\" href=\"#fnref16\">16.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/1f9D98bq\" target=\"_blank\">Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, S. 48(1)(<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">a<\/span>)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn17\" href=\"#fnref17\">17.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/kkRyU7dF\" target=\"_blank\">(2022) 1 SCC 753<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn18\" href=\"#fnref18\">18.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001507892\" target=\"_blank\">2023 SCC OnLine Del 3191<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn19\" href=\"#fnref19\">19.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001507892\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Tomorrow Sales case<\/span>, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 3191<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn20\" href=\"#fnref20\">20.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/9yOFNDr5\" target=\"_blank\">Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, S. 36(1)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn21\" href=\"#fnref21\">21.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/fW5E2p7z\" target=\"_blank\">Civil Procedure Code, 1908<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn22\" href=\"#fnref22\">22.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001507892\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Tomorrow Sales case<\/span>, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 3191<\/a>, the relevant portion of the judgment has been reproduced as under:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt;\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">73<\/span>. &#8230; In absence of third-party funding, a person having a valid claim would be unable to pursue the same for recovery of amounts that may be legitimately due. In many cases, the claimants become impecunious on account of the very cause for which they seek redressal. The cost for pursuing claims in arbitration are significant; the same not only include fees paid to arbitrators and institution, but also professional fees for legal counsels and experts and other attendant expenses. A person without the necessary means would have no recourse, in the absence of third-party funders. Third-party funders play a vital role in ensuring access to justice.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn23\" href=\"#fnref23\">23.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/1X33r7MP\" target=\"_blank\">Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, S. 12<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn24\" href=\"#fnref24\">24.<\/a> Third Party Funding Arbitration in India, RR Legal Partners (rrlegalpartners.com).<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn25\" href=\"#fnref25\">25.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/kkRyU7dF\" target=\"_blank\">(2022) 1 SCC 753<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn26\" href=\"#fnref26\">26.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/kkRyU7dF\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Gemini Bay case<\/span>, (2022) 1 SCC 753<\/span><\/a>; Sreeja Sengupta, Third Party Funding in International Commercial Arbitration: Confidentiality Concerns, IndiaCorpLaw (indiacorplaw.in).<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn27\" href=\"#fnref27\">27.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/kkRyU7dF\" target=\"_blank\">(2022) 1 SCC 753<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn28\" href=\"#fnref28\">28.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9001507892\" target=\"_blank\">2023 SCC OnLine Del 3191<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Dr Amitesh Deshmukh*<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67011,"featured_media":363694,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[42503,1191],"tags":[82761,82360,90819,88308,78490,90817,90689,90816,90815,90818],"class_list":["post-363677","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-legal-analysis","category-op-ed","tag-accesstojustice","tag-arbitrationindia","tag-commercialarbitration","tag-disputeresolution","tag-indianlaw","tag-legalfunding","tag-legalinnovation","tag-litigationfinance","tag-thirdpartyfunding","tag-tpfindia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.4 (Yoast SEO v26.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Understanding Third-Party Arbitration Funding in India | SCC Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Third-party 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HIMACHAL PRADESH HIGH COURT \u21aa\u00a0Shri Justice Mamidanna Satya Ratna Sri Ramachandra Rao, Judge, Punjab & Haryana\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Appointments &amp; Transfers&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Appointments &amp; Transfers","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/news\/appointments\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"new chief justices of high court","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/new-chief-justices-of-high-court.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/new-chief-justices-of-high-court.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/new-chief-justices-of-high-court.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/new-chief-justices-of-high-court.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":286628,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2023\/03\/09\/4th-edition-of-courts-and-constitution-conference\/","url_meta":{"origin":363677,"position":1},"title":"4th Edition of Courts and Constitution Conference","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"March 9, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Write Up for the Post NALSAR University of Law is organizing the 4th edition of the Courts and the Constitution Conference in collaboration with the School for Policy and Governance, Azim Premji University, on 11-12 March, 2023, at the campus of NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad. About the Conference We\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Conference\/Seminars\/Lectures&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Conference\/Seminars\/Lectures","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/lawschoolnews\/conference_seminars_lectures\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-675.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-675.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-675.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-675.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":276570,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2022\/11\/03\/preliminary-inquiry-under-section-11-of-the-arbitration-and-conciliation-act-1996\/","url_meta":{"origin":363677,"position":2},"title":"Preliminary Inquiry under Section 11 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"November 3, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"by Ayushi Raghuwanshi*","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Op Eds&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Op Eds","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/op-ed\/legal-analysis\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/MicrosoftTeams-image1-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/MicrosoftTeams-image1-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/MicrosoftTeams-image1-1.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/MicrosoftTeams-image1-1.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/MicrosoftTeams-image1-1.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":286553,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2023\/03\/07\/international-womens-day-2023-words-of-inspiration-learning-from-women-in-law-and-power\/","url_meta":{"origin":363677,"position":3},"title":"International Women\u2019s Day 2023 | Inspiring Quotes from Women in Law and Power","author":"Ridhi","date":"March 7, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"For the days you doubt yourself as a woman, another woman may become a torch bearer for you. On International Women\u2019s Day 2023, we bring some motivation through women who have made a mark in their fields for the upcoming generations. Gone are the days when men used to rule\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Op Eds&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Op Eds","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/op-ed\/legal-analysis\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-80.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-80.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-80.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-80.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":363272,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2025\/10\/10\/karnataka-government-approved-paid-menstrual-leave-policy-2025\/","url_meta":{"origin":363677,"position":4},"title":"Karnataka Approves Monthly Paid Menstrual Leave for Women Employees","author":"Shubhi","date":"October 10, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Karnataka Govt announces one-day paid menstrual leave monthly for women to boost work-life balance, reduce stigma, and support gender-sensitive workplaces.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Legislation Updates&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Legislation Updates","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/legislationupdates\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Paid Menstrual Leave","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Paid-Menstrual-Leave.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Paid-Menstrual-Leave.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Paid-Menstrual-Leave.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Paid-Menstrual-Leave.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":376766,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2026\/02\/25\/cabinet-approves-kerala-to-keralam-name-change\/","url_meta":{"origin":363677,"position":5},"title":"Union Cabinet approves renaming of &#8220;Kerala&#8221; to &#8220;Keralam&#8221;","author":"Shubhi","date":"February 25, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Govt approves proposal to change the name of the State from \u2018Kerala\u2019 to \u2018Keralam\u2019, moving the process forward under Article 3 of the Constitution.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Cabinet Decisions&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Cabinet Decisions","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/legislationupdates\/cabinet_decisions\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Kerala to Keralam","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Kerala-to-Keralam.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Kerala-to-Keralam.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Kerala-to-Keralam.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Kerala-to-Keralam.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/363677","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/67011"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=363677"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/363677\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/363694"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=363677"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=363677"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=363677"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}