{"id":361542,"date":"2025-09-25T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-09-25T03:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=361542"},"modified":"2025-09-25T12:04:56","modified_gmt":"2025-09-25T06:34:56","slug":"disqualification-deferred-how-m-k-rajagopalan-dilutes-section-1642b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2025\/09\/25\/disqualification-deferred-how-m-k-rajagopalan-dilutes-section-1642b\/","title":{"rendered":"Disqualification Deferred: How M.K. Rajagopalan Dilutes Section 164(2)(b)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\">\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Section 164(2)<a id=\"fnref1\" href=\"#fn1\" title=\"1. Companies Act, 2013, S. 164(2).\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a> of the Companies Act, 2013<a id=\"fnref2\" href=\"#fn2\" title=\"2. Companies Act, 2013.\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a> lays down the grounds for disqualification of directors. It states that no person who is or has been a director of a company which either: (<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">a<\/span>) has not filed financial statements or annual returns for a continuous period of three financial years; or (<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">b<\/span>) has failed to repay deposits, interest thereon, redeem debentures, or pay declared dividends and such failure continues for a period of one year or more, shall be eligible for reappointment in that company or appointment in any other company for a period of five years from the date of default. The object behind this provision is clear and deliberate &#8212; to ensure compliance with essential corporate obligations, foster accountability among directors, and enhance overall corporate governance. The disqualification imposed is not intended as a punishment for wrongdoing per se but as a regulatory measure to exclude those presiding over prolonged non-compliance from further opportunities to mismanage companies. It is a prospective, automatic ineligibility arising from objective facts of default, not from any subjective administrative finding or penalty.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">However, the recent judgment of the Supreme Court in <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">M.K. Rajagopalan<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Periasamy Palani Gounder<\/span><a id=\"fnref3\" href=\"#fn3\" title=\"3. 2022 SCC OnLine SC 1957.\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a> marks a troubling departure from this scheme. In this case, the Court was dealing with the question of whether a resolution applicant under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC)<a id=\"fnref4\" href=\"#fn4\" title=\"4. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016.\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a> would be disqualified under Section<\/span> 29-A(<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">e<\/span>) of the<\/span> IBC<a id=\"fnref5\" href=\"#fn5\" title=\"5. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, S. 29-A(e).\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a> on account of his disqualification as a director under Section 164(2)(<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">b<\/span>) of the Companies Act, 2013.<a id=\"fnref6\" href=\"#fn6\" title=\"6. Companies Act, 2013, S. 164(2)(b).\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a> The applicant had allegedly continued as a director under Section 164(2)(<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">b<\/span>). The Court, however, ruled that no disqualification could be said to have been incurred unless the Registrar of Companies had actively considered and declared such disqualification, noting that &#8221;there is no concept of deemed disqualification under Section 164(2)&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The interpretation fundamentally undermines the statutory mechanism under Section 164(2). The use of the term &#8220;shall be disqualified&#8221;<a id=\"fnref7\" href=\"#fn7\" title=\"7. Companies Act, 2013, S. 164(2)(b).\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a> in the provision indicates that the disqualification is not contingent on any further adjudication or determination by the Registrar of Companies (RoC) or the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA). It is a consequence that flows from the factual occurrence of default. This reading has been affirmed in several decisions of the High Courts, including <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Mukut Pathak<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Union of India<\/span><a id=\"fnref8\" href=\"#fn8\" title=\"8. (2020) 222 Comp Cas 383 : 2019 SCC OnLine Del 10868.\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a> (Delhi High Court), where the Court held that the disqualification arises ipso facto once the factual predicate is met. The logic is compelling: the provision is intended to serve as a strict, objective filter that precludes errant directors from holding office in other companies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The judgment in <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">M.K.<\/span> <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Rajagopalan case<\/span><a id=\"fnref9\" href=\"#fn9\" title=\"9. 2022 SCC OnLine SC 1957.\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a>, however, introduces an artificial requirement &#8212; that the disqualification under clause (<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">b<\/span>) is effective only upon recognition or action by the MCA. This requirement is problematic, particularly in the context of clause (<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">b<\/span>), because unlike clause (<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">a<\/span>), where the MCA can detect defaults in filing of financial statements through its portal, the defaults under clause (<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">b<\/span>) &#8212; such as failure to repay deposits or redeem debentures &#8212; are not information that the MCA receives automatically. The only means by which such violations might come to light is through voluntary reporting by the company or its directors under Rule 14 of the Companies (Appointment and Qualification of Directors) Rules, 2014<a id=\"fnref10\" href=\"#fn10\" title=\"10. Companies (Appointment and Qualification of Directors) Rules, 2014, R. 14.\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/a>. Rule 14 requires directors to inform companies of their disqualification via Form DIR-8, and obliges companies to file Form DIR-9 with the RoC upon becoming aware of such defaults. However, relying on these filings assumes that directors will voluntarily report defaults that would make them ineligible &#8212; an assumption that is implausible and contrary to practical corporate behaviour.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The result of the Supreme Court&#8217;s interpretations is that the directors who continue to hold office in companies that have failed to repay public deposits or redeem debentures &#8212; defaults that may impact creditors, investors, and public confidence &#8212; can remain immune from disqualifications unless they or the company self-report. This creates an enforcement vacuum: if the MCA cannot detect these defaults independently and the statute does not operate unless the default is first reported, the provision loses its deterrent force. The ruling thereby allows the most serious violations &#8212; those involving potential fraud or financial misconduct &#8212; to escape regulatory consequences, while comparatively minor defaults under clause (<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">a<\/span>), such as non-filing of returns, remain automatically punishable due to their visibility on the MCA portal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">This interpretation also leads to incoherence in the operation of Section 164(2).<a id=\"fnref11\" href=\"#fn11\" title=\"11. Companies Act, 2013, S. 164(2)(b).\"><sup>11<\/sup><\/a> It results in clause (<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">b<\/span>) being effectively unenforceable except in rare cases of self-reporting or complaint-based detection, which defeats the statutory objective of comprehensive director accountability.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Further, the Court&#8217;s refusal to acknowledge the ipso facto nature of disqualification under Section 164(2)(<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">b<\/span>) ignores binding principles of statutory construction. In <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Satya Narayan Banik<\/span> v. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Union of India<\/span><a id=\"fnref12\" href=\"#fn12\" title=\"12. 2022 SCC OnLine Cal 4682.\"><sup>12<\/sup><\/a>, the Court correctly noted that the consequences for non-compliance with Section 164(2) follow from the existence of factual circumstances &#8212; the disqualification is &#8220;by operation of law&#8221;. There is no adjudicatory discretion or inquiry required. The logic is <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Mukut Pathak case<\/span><a id=\"fnref13\" href=\"#fn13\" title=\"13. (2020) 222 Comp Cas 383 : 2019 SCC OnLine Del 10868.\"><sup>13<\/sup><\/a> also aligns with this, reinforcing that a director&#8217;s ineligibility arises from the statutory framework and not from an MCA order. The Supreme Court&#8217;s insistence on administrative action as a precondition for disqualification not only contradicts this settled interpretation but effectively nullifies an important limb of corporate accountability under the Companies Act, 2013.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">In conclusion, the Supreme Court&#8217;s ruling in <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">M.K. Rajagopalan case<\/span><a id=\"fnref14\" href=\"#fn14\" title=\"14. 2022 SCC OnLine SC 1957.\"><sup>14<\/sup><\/a> has created a serious enforcement loophole in the statutory scheme of director disqualification. By holding that disqualification under Section 164(2)(<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">b<\/span>) is not deemed and must be established or recognised by the MCA, the Court had rendered the provision ineffective for practical purposes. Since violations under clause (<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">b<\/span>) are not traceable via the MCA&#8217;s digital compliance system, and given the improbability of voluntary disclosures, this interpretation means that directors of companies defaulting on crucial financial obligations can continue in office indefinitely unless regulators are independently alerted. This not only frustrates the legislative purpose of ensuring financial discipline and protecting stakeholders, but also dilutes the principle of automatic accountability embedded in the Companies Act, 2013. The decision should ideally be revisited or legislatively corrected to restore the mandatory and self-executing nature of Section 164(2), without which the integrity of directorial responsibility stands significantly compromised.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr\/>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">*Student. Author can be reached at: <a href=\"mailto:sharada.kalale21@nludelhi.ac.in\" target=\"_blank\">sharada.kalale21@nludelhi.ac.in<\/a>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">**Student at National Law University Delhi. Author can be reached at: <a href=\"mailto:shreya.sahu21@nludelhi.ac.in\" target=\"_blank\">shreya.sahu21@nludelhi.ac.in<\/a>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn1\" href=\"#fnref1\">1.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/wYpR62qu\" target=\"_blank\">Companies Act, 2013, S. 164(2)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn2\" href=\"#fnref2\">2.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/A5aqjfDv\" target=\"_blank\">Companies Act, 2013.<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn3\" href=\"#fnref3\">3.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/4r9aw6lz\" target=\"_blank\">2022 SCC OnLine SC 1957<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn4\" href=\"#fnref4\">4.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/86F742km\" target=\"_blank\">Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn5\" href=\"#fnref5\">5.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/Z90T7GCq\" target=\"_blank\">Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, S. 29-A(<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">e<\/span>)<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn6\" href=\"#fnref6\">6.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/wYpR62qu\" target=\"_blank\">Companies Act, 2013, S. 164(2)(<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">b<\/span>)<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn7\" href=\"#fnref7\">7.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/wYpR62qu\" target=\"_blank\">Companies Act, 2013, S. 164(2)(<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">b<\/span>)<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn8\" href=\"#fnref8\">8.<\/a> (2020) 222 Comp Cas 383 : 2019 SCC OnLine Del 10868.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn9\" href=\"#fnref9\">9.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/4r9aw6lz\" target=\"_blank\">2022 SCC OnLine SC 1957<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn10\" href=\"#fnref10\">10.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/8kG2405V\" target=\"_blank\">Companies (Appointment and Qualification of Directors) Rules, 2014, R. 14<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn11\" href=\"#fnref11\">11.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001537374\" target=\"_blank\">Companies Act, 2013, S. 164(2)(<span style=\"font-style: italic;\">b<\/span>)<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn12\" href=\"#fnref12\">12.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-9002673358\" target=\"_blank\">2022 SCC OnLine Cal 4682<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn13\" href=\"#fnref13\">13.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/O711A5jH\" target=\"_blank\">(2020) 222 Comp Cas 383 : 2019 SCC OnLine Del 10868<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;\"><a id=\"fn14\" href=\"#fnref14\">14.<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/4r9aw6lz\" target=\"_blank\">2022 SCC OnLine SC 1957<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Sharada A. Kalale* and Shreya Sahu**<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67011,"featured_media":361555,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[42503,1191],"tags":[89770,75133,75128,72471,89771,72150,89773,89775,89772,89774],"class_list":["post-361542","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-legal-analysis","category-op-ed","tag-companiesact","tag-compliancematters","tag-corporategovernance","tag-corporatelaw","tag-directordisqualification","tag-indianjudiciary","tag-insolvencyandbankruptcy","tag-legalreform","tag-mkrajagopalan","tag-section164"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.4 (Yoast SEO v26.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Disqualification Deferred: How M.K. 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This interim relief was only with respect to those companies\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/calcutta-court.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/calcutta-court.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/calcutta-court.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/calcutta-court.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/calcutta-court.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":216221,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2019\/06\/28\/bom-hc-disqualification-of-directors-batch-of-petitions-to-be-heard-in-reference-to-s-164-2a-of-companies-act-2013\/","url_meta":{"origin":361542,"position":1},"title":"Bom HC | Disqualification of Directors: Batch of petitions to be heard in reference to S. 164 (2)(a) of Companies Act, 2013","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"June 28, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Bombay High Court:\u00a0The Division Bench comprising of S.C. Dharmadhikari and G.S. Patel, JJ. has tagged a batch of petitions to be heard in regard to disqualification of directors due to failure in filing of returns. Anil Singh, learned Additional Solicitor General has agreed to address the Court in these matters\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":221924,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2019\/11\/08\/del-hc-scheme-of-ss-1642-and-1671a-of-companies-act-explained-in-respect-to-disqualification-of-directors-on-default-of-filing-returns\/","url_meta":{"origin":361542,"position":2},"title":"Del HC | Scheme of Ss. 164(2) and 167(1)(a) of Companies Act explained in respect to disqualification of directors on default of filing returns","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"November 8, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Delhi High Court: Vibhu Bakhru, J. while addressing the petitions filed in respect to the impugned list of directors stated to have been disqualified under clause (a) of Section 164(2) of the Companies Act, 2013, explained with reasons and logic, the scheme of Section 164(2) and Section 167(1)(a) of the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":216746,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2019\/07\/11\/kar-hc-court-enunciates-guidelines-for-disqualification-of-directors-demarcates-boundaries-crossing-which-it-would-be-rendered-bad-in-law\/","url_meta":{"origin":361542,"position":3},"title":"Kar HC | Court enunciates guidelines for disqualification of directors; demarcates boundaries, crossing which, it would be rendered bad in law","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"July 11, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Karnataka High Court:\u00a0B.V. Nagarathna, J., disposed of the petitions seeking the provisions of Sections 164(2) and 167(1)(a) and the proviso to Section 167(1)(a) of the Companies Act, 2013, to be held unconstitutional. In the pertinent matter, the petitioner sought for declaring Section 164(2) of the Companies Act, 2013 (Act) and\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":221958,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2019\/11\/11\/mca-update-on-identification-and-flagging-of-disqualified-directors-under-s-1642a-of-companies-act-2013\/","url_meta":{"origin":361542,"position":4},"title":"MCA | Update on  &#8216;Identification and flagging of Disqualified Directors under S. 164(2)(a) of Companies Act, 2013","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"November 11, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Registrar of Companies (ROCs) are in the process of\u00a0\"Identification and flagging of Disqualified Directors under S. 164(2)(a) of Companies Act, 2013\"\u00a0for their default of non-filing of financial statement or annual return for a continuous period of three financial years i.e. 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18. In the above regard, all the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Business News&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Business News","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/news\/business_news\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/MCA.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/MCA.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/MCA.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/MCA.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/MCA.png?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":194306,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2018\/03\/22\/companies-amendment-act-2017-new-grounds-for-directors-disqualification-and-opportunities-for-correction-under-cods-2018\/","url_meta":{"origin":361542,"position":5},"title":"Companies (Amendment) Act, 2017: New grounds for Directors\u2019 disqualification and opportunities for correction under CODS, 2018","author":"Saba","date":"March 22, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"The last 15 months have been quite revolutionary in terms of an attempt to make India a transparent and global business hub as far as corporate governance is concerned. The Government has struck off more than 2,00,000 defunct companies and disqualified 3,00,000 individuals who were holding directorships in such companies.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;OP. ED.&quot;","block_context":{"text":"OP. 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