{"id":350242,"date":"2025-06-10T13:00:34","date_gmt":"2025-06-10T07:30:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=350242"},"modified":"2025-06-11T17:32:31","modified_gmt":"2025-06-11T12:02:31","slug":"sc-sets-aside-patna-high-court-order-permitting-forced-narco-analysis-test","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2025\/06\/10\/sc-sets-aside-patna-high-court-order-permitting-forced-narco-analysis-test\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Under no circumstances, is an involuntary or forced narco-analysis test permissible under law\u2019; SC sets aside Patna High Court&#8217;s order permitting involuntary test"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\">\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Supreme Court:<\/span> In a criminal appeal against Patna High Court&#8217;s decision, which had allowed narco-analysis testing of accused persons during an ongoing criminal investigation, the Division Bench of Sanjay Karol and Prasanna B. Varale, JJ. held that compelling an accused to undergo such a test without free consent violates their fundamental rights under Articles <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001574938\" target=\"_blank\">20(3)<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001574949\" target=\"_blank\">21<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726967\" target=\"_blank\">Constitution<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Reaffirming its decision in <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Selvi v. State of Karnataka<\/span>, (2010) 7 SCC 263, the Court reiterated that involuntary administration of narco-analysis tests is unconstitutional and any information obtained therefrom cannot be used as evidence.<\/p>\n<h3>Background<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The case arose from an FIR lodged alleging dowry harassment and disappearance of the complainant&#8217;s sister, who was married to the accused\/ appellant. The Patna High Court, while hearing the present appellant&#8217;s bail plea, accepted a submission from the Investigating Officer that narco-analysis tests would be conducted on all accused and witnesses. The appellant challenged this direction before the Supreme Court, citing constitutional protections and prior precedents, especially the <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Selvi<\/span> which deemed such involuntary tests impermissible.<\/p>\n<h3>Analysis and Decision<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Involuntary Narco-Analysis Tests Are Unconstitutional<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The Court held that the direction for narco-analysis without consent was clearly unconstitutional. Relying on <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Selvi<\/span> (supra), the Bench reiterated that involuntary tests violate both the right against self-incrimination under Article 20(3) and the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21. The High Court&#8217;s order was called contrary to the established principles of bail jurisprudence under Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001519740\" target=\"_blank\">439<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726935\" target=\"_blank\">Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973<\/a> (CrPC).<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The Court emphasised that a bail hearing is not the stage to order investigative techniques, particularly ones that intrude upon fundamental rights.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Voluntary Narco-Analysis Reports Cannot Alone Establish Guilt<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The Court held that even when narco-analysis tests are administered voluntarily, their results cannot form the sole basis of conviction. Relying on <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Vinobhai v. State of Kerala<\/span>, 2025 SCC Online SC 178 and <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Manoj Kumar Soni v. State of M.P.<\/span>, 2023 SCC OnLine SC 984, the Court noted that <span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;\">although disclosure statements hold significance as a contributing factor in unriddling a case, in our opinion, they are not so strong a piece of evidence sufficient on its own and without anything more to bring home the charges beyond reasonable doubt.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The Court clarified that only those facts discovered post-test, corroborated through Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001516768\" target=\"_blank\">27<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726934\" target=\"_blank\">Evidence Act, 1872<\/a>, may have evidentiary value and even then, cannot stand alone to prove guilt.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: bold;\">No Indefeasible Right to Demand Narco-Testing<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 2%;\">On the issue of whether an accused can demand such a test, the Court clarified that while a person may volunteer for a narco-analysis test at the stage of defence evidence (under Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001519486\" target=\"_blank\">233<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726935\" target=\"_blank\">CrPC<\/a>), there is no absolute or indefeasible right to such testing. The court concerned must evaluate the voluntariness, safeguards, and overall context before permitting it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%; text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;\">The accused has a right to voluntarily undergo a narcoanalysis test at an appropriate stage. We deem it appropriate to add that the appropriate stage for such a test to be conducted is when the accused is exercising his right to lead evidence in a trial. However, there is no indefeasible right with the accused to undergo a narcoanalysis test.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The Court reiterated the <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Selvi<\/span> guidelines, mandating that consent be informed, recorded before a magistrate, and undertaken with medical, legal, and procedural safeguards.<\/p>\n<h3>Decision<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Setting aside the High Court&#8217;s interim order, the Court concluded that any direction to conduct forced narco-analysis is unconstitutional. Hence, the impugned decision was set aside. The bail application of the appellant was directed to be decided afresh in accordance with law.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">[<span style=\"font-weight: bold; color: #632423;\">Amlesh Kumar v. State of Bihar, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/t7n0Ic08\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2025 SCC OnLine SC 1326<\/a>, Decided on: 09-06-2025<\/span>]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #000080;\">Buy Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebcwebstore.com\/product_info.php?products_id=1031\" target=\"_blank\">HERE<\/a><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebcwebstore.com\/product_info.php?products_id=1031\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/code-of-criminal-procedure-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Code of Criminal Procedure\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-294422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/code-of-criminal-procedure-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/code-of-criminal-procedure-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/code-of-criminal-procedure-440x293.jpg 440w, https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/code-of-criminal-procedure-650x433.jpg 650w, https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/code-of-criminal-procedure.jpg 886w, https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/code-of-criminal-procedure-60x40.jpg 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: #000080;\">Buy Constitution of India &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebcwebstore.com\/product\/the-constitution-of-india-coat-pocket-edition?products_id=100647\" target=\"_blank\">HERE<\/a><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebcwebstore.com\/product\/the-constitution-of-india-coat-pocket-edition?products_id=100647\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/ebcwebstore\/images\/the-constitution-of-india-coat-pocket-edition-Gopal-Sankaranarayanan-ebc-front-cover.JPG\" alt=\"Constitution of India\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-294438\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-style: italic;\">The High Court in direct contravention of the Selvi v. State of Karnataka, (2010) 7 SCC 263 accepted the submission of the Sub-Divisional Police Officer, Mahua, that she would conduct narco-analysis test of all the accused persons and other witnesses, during the investigation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67517,"featured_media":350247,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,9],"tags":[83294,83293,83295,7441,44635,5363],"class_list":["post-350242","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-casebriefs","category-supremecourt","tag-narco-test","tag-narco-analysis-test","tag-narxo-test-without-consent","tag-patna-high-court","tag-sc","tag-supreme-court"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.4 (Yoast SEO v26.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>SC ruling on forced narco-analysis test| SCC Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Supreme Court held that under no circumstances, is an involuntary or forced narco-analysis test permissible under law.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2025\/06\/10\/sc-sets-aside-patna-high-court-order-permitting-forced-narco-analysis-test\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u2018Under no circumstances, is an involuntary or forced narco-analysis test permissible under law\u2019; 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Shah J, agreed with view of the trial Court that narco analysis test is always to be in the aid of investigation and cannot be accepted as an evidence of a particular\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/GujHC.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/GujHC.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/GujHC.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/GujHC.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/GujHC.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":258594,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/12\/16\/accused-has-no-right-to-narco-analysis-test-to-prove-innocence\/","url_meta":{"origin":350242,"position":1},"title":"Ker HC | Accused has no right to Narco Analysis Test to prove innocence; HC denies permission to 68 years old POCSO accused from voluntarily undergoing Narco Test","author":"Editor","date":"December 16, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Kerala High Court: M.R. Anitha, J., held that accused have no rights to claim subjecting themselves to Narcotic Analysis Test to prove innocence. Observing the limitations of Narco Test, the Bench stated, \u201cThe possibility of accused himself making exculpatory statements to support his defence also cannot be ruled out. There\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":224927,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2020\/02\/01\/kar-hc-criminal-proceedings-cannot-be-initiated-against-other-suspects-in-the-absence-of-main-culprit\/","url_meta":{"origin":350242,"position":2},"title":"Kar HC | Criminal proceedings cannot be initiated against other suspects, in the absence of main culprit","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"February 1, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Karnataka High Court: P.G.M. Patil, J. heard a Criminal Petition under Section 482 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 appealing to quash Judicial Magistrate First Court\u2019s (JMFC), Hubballi order which resulted in registering of cases under Sections 307, 120 (B), 114 of Penal Code (IPC), 1860 and under Section 25\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":259059,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/12\/24\/scc-online-weekly-rewind-episode-41-ft-prachi-bhardwaj\/","url_meta":{"origin":350242,"position":3},"title":"SCC Online Weekly Rewind Episode 41 ft. 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Ramana and M.M. Shantanagoudar, JJ. while allowing an appeal, set aside the impugned order of the Gujarat High Court which clearly violated the settled principles of criminal law jurisprudence and statutory prescriptions. 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