{"id":346244,"date":"2025-04-22T10:00:34","date_gmt":"2025-04-22T04:30:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=346244"},"modified":"2025-04-23T16:40:42","modified_gmt":"2025-04-23T11:10:42","slug":"woman-considered-as-husbands-property-its-devastating-consequences-well-documented-in-mahabharata-dhc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2025\/04\/22\/woman-considered-as-husbands-property-its-devastating-consequences-well-documented-in-mahabharata-dhc\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Woman is considered as husband\u2019s property and its devastating consequences is well documented in Mahabharata\u2019; Delhi HC discharges man in adultery case"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Delhi High Court:<\/span> In a petition filed under Section 482<\/a>1<\/sup><\/a> of Criminal Procedure Code, 1973<\/a> for quashing the order dated 28-04-2018, whereby the petitioner was summoned under Section 497<\/a> of the Penal Code, 1860<\/a> (‘IPC’) filed by complainant (‘husband’), Neena Bansal Krishna, J.<\/span>, gravamen of Section 497 of IPC was that they must have indulged in the act of adultery i.e. they must have had sexual intercourse for which there was no oral or documentary evidence, but was based on a presumption which could not be considered prima facie for summoning of the petitioner. The essential ingredients of Section 497 IPC, were therefore, not made out. Thus, the Court set aside the summoning order of the petitioner and quashed the husband’s complaint case against the petitioner. Accordingly, the Court allowed the petition and discharged the petitioner.<\/p>\n

Background<\/h3>\n

In the present case, the husband and his wife got married on 28-02-1998, as per Hindu rites and customs. From their wedlock two sons were born. The husband alleged that in the month of August 2009 his wife started going to the park near their house on the pretext of walk after dinner. He found in December 2009, the petitioner, had been making regular calls to his wife varying from 2 minutes to one hour and even at odd hours between 9:00 pm to 11:30 pm. Thus, he realized that his wife was having an extra marital affair with him.<\/p>\n

According to him, his wife along with the petitioner went to Lucknow on 21-01-2010 in a flight, where they stayed together in the night of 21-1-2010, as husband and wife and had sexual intercourse without the consent of the complainant. On their return on 22-01-2010, he confronted his wife who told him to leave if he had any problem with their relationship.<\/p>\n

The husband served a legal notice dated 05-04-2010 on his wife to restrain her relationship with the petitioner. Thereafter, he filed the criminal complaint under Section 497 of IPC.<\/p>\n

Analysis, Law, and Decision<\/h3>\n

The Court noted that the Metropolitan Magistrate vide detailed order dated 9-9-2016, discharged the petitioner. However, this order of discharge was set aside by the Additional Sessions Judge, vide impugned order dated 28-4-2018, and he was summoned for offence under Section 497 of IPC.<\/p>\n

The Court stated that Section 497 of IPC was restricted one as the consequence of which a man who was not a husband, in given circumstances, becomes criminally liable for having committed adultery, while in other situations being a husband, he could not be branded as a person who had committed adultery so as to invite culpability of Section 497 IPC. The Court stated that the first aspect which emerged was that ironically, it was not the husband or the alleged adulterous wife, who was the accused for the offence under Section 497 of IPC; rather it was the third person who allegedly had sexual intercourse with the wife of another man who became an accused person.<\/p>\n

The Court stated that the woman was considered as the property of the husband and its devastating consequences were well documented in Mahabharat wherein Draupadi was put on stake in a game of gamble by none other than her own husband Yudhishtra where other four brothers were the silent spectators and Draupadi had no voice to protest for her dignity. As it happened, she was lost in the game of gamble and what followed was the great war of Mahabharat leading to mass loss of lives and wiping out of many of the family members. The Court stated that despite having such example to demonstrate the consequence of absurdity of treating of a woman as a chattel, the misogynistic mindset of our society understood this only when the Section 497 of IPC was declared as unconstitutional in Joseph Shine v. Union of India<\/span>, (2018) 2 SCC 189<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Court stated that the next aspect which came for consideration was whether the declaration of Section 497 of IPC as unconstitutional was retrospective and would be applicable to the present case which got initiated with a complaint filed by the husband on 24-04-2010. The Court referred to various case laws and stated that the complaint case filed by the husband on the allegations of Section 497 of IPC against the petitioner, was therefore, liable to be quashed.<\/p>\n

The Court further stated that even on facts the Metropolitan Magistrate, had rightly noted that the case of the petitioner was that since his wife along with the petitioner stayed overnight in the same hotel room in Lucknow, there could be no presumption of they had indulged in a sexual intercourse. The gravamen of Section 497 of IPC was that they must have indulged in the act of adultery i.e. they must have had sexual intercourse for which there was no oral or documentary evidence but was based on a presumption which could not be considered prima facie for summoning of the petitioner. The essential ingredients of Section 497 IPC, were therefore, not made out.<\/p>\n

Thus, the Court set aside the summoning order of the petitioner and quashed the husband’s complaint case against the petitioner. Accordingly, the Court allowed the present petition and discharged the petitioner.<\/p>\n

[X v. State, 2025 SCC OnLine Del 2456<\/a>, decided on 17-4-2025<\/span>]<\/p>\n\n

Advocates who appeared in this case :<\/p>\n

For the Petitioner:<\/span> J.S. Rawat, Advocate.<\/p>\n

For the Respondents:<\/span> Meenakshi Dahiya, Ld. APP for the State; Satish Kumar, Advocate.<\/p>\n

Buy Penal Code, 1860   HERE<\/a><\/h3>\n

\"penal<\/a><\/p>\n

Buy Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973  HERE<\/a><\/h3>\n

\"Code<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

1.<\/a> Section 528<\/a> of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Court stated that despite having example of Mahabharata to demonstrate the consequence of absurdity of treating of a woman as a chattel, the misogynistic mindset of our society understood this only when the Supreme Court declared Section 497<\/a> of Penal Code, 1860<\/a> as unconstitutional in Joseph Shine v. Union of India, (2018) 2 SCC 189<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67520,"featured_media":314886,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,10],"tags":[3650,70594,81243,2543,81241,81240,69162,81242,48929,36335,81244],"class_list":["post-346244","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-casebriefs","category-highcourts","tag-adultery","tag-bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-2023","tag-chattel","tag-Delhi_High_Court","tag-devastating-consequences","tag-husbands-property","tag-justice-neena-bansal-krishna","tag-mahabharata","tag-misogyny","tag-penal-code-1860","tag-section-497-of-ipc"],"yoast_head":"\nWoman is considered as husband\u2019s property and its devastating consequences well documented in Mahabharata: DHC | SCC Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Delhi HC discharges man in adultery case and stated that woman is considered as husband\u2019s property and its devastating consequences is well documented in Mahabharata.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2025\/04\/22\/woman-considered-as-husbands-property-its-devastating-consequences-well-documented-in-mahabharata-dhc\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u2018Woman is considered as husband\u2019s property and its devastating consequences is well documented in Mahabharata\u2019; 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Union of India given retrospective effect; proceedings under S. 497 IPC set aside","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"April 8, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Patna High Court: The Bench of Ahsanuddin Amanullah, J. quashed criminal proceeding filed in the year 2013 under Section 497 of the Penal Code, 1860 against a person accused of adultery, in view of Supreme Court\u2019s decision in Joseph Shine v. Union of India, (2019) 3 SCC 39. Petitioner herein\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":210399,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2019\/02\/21\/adultery-s-497-ipc-and-s-1982-crpc\/","url_meta":{"origin":346244,"position":1},"title":"Adultery [S. 497 IPC and S. 198(2) CrPC]","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"February 21, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"by Tejaswi Pandit\u2020","rel":"","context":"In "Law made Easy"","block_context":{"text":"Law made Easy","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/law-made-easy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/adultery-2.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/adultery-2.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/adultery-2.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/adultery-2.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/adultery-2.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":251077,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/07\/09\/adultery-2\/","url_meta":{"origin":346244,"position":2},"title":"Jhar HC | Is the law laid down by the Supreme Court applicable prospectively? Will adultery committed prior to Joseph Shine decision attract conviction when the offence has been declared unconstitutional pre-conviction?","author":"Editor","date":"July 9, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Jharkhand High Court: Anubha Rawat Choudhary, J., acquitted a person convicted under Section 497 of IPC contrary to the law laid down by the Supreme Court in Joseph Shine v. Union of India, (2019) 3 SCC 39, wherein Section 497 of IPC had been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":346374,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2025\/04\/24\/chhattisgarh-hc-acquits-man-convicted-of-adultery-false-promise-to-marry-case\/","url_meta":{"origin":346244,"position":3},"title":"\u2018Husband did not complain of adultery, S. 497 ingredients not made out\u2019; Chhattisgarh HC acquits man convicted of adultery in false promise to marry case","author":"Editor","date":"April 24, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201cIn the present case, aggrieved party that is the husband of the complainant has not made complaint of adultery before the Court; therefore, ingredients of Section 497 of the IPC have not been made out against the convict.\u201d","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Chhattisgarh High Court","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Chhattisgarh-High-Court.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Chhattisgarh-High-Court.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Chhattisgarh-High-Court.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Chhattisgarh-High-Court.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":202280,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2018\/09\/27\/breaking-section-497-ipc-deprives-women-of-dignity-adultery-decriminalised-and-held-unconstitutional-sc\/","url_meta":{"origin":346244,"position":4},"title":"Breaking| Section 497 IPC ‘deprives women of dignity’ – Adultery decriminalised and held unconstitutional: SC","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"September 27, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Supreme Court: A five-Judge Constitution Bench consisting of CJ Dipak Misra, R.F Nariman, A.M Khanwilkar, Dr D.Y Chandrachud and Indu Malhotra, JJ., pronounced the verdict for reconsideration of the judgments on the constitutional validity of Section 497 IPC that brings adultery into the box of criminalisation. Legal subordination of one\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Hot Off The Press"","block_context":{"text":"Hot Off The Press","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/news\/hot_off_the_press\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":207012,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2018\/12\/19\/adultery-joseph-shine-v-union-of-india-given-retrospective-effect-conviction-under-section-497-ipc-set-aside\/","url_meta":{"origin":346244,"position":5},"title":"Adultery | Joseph Shine v. Union of India given retrospective effect; conviction under Section 497 IPC set aside","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"December 19, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Bombay High Court:\u00a0A Single Judge Bench comprising of M.G. Giratkar, J. allowed revision petition and set aside appellant's conviction under Section 497 IPC in light of Supreme Court decision in\u00a0Joseph Shine v. Union of India,\u00a02018 SCC OnLine SC 1676. The applicant was alleged to have had sexual relations with the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/346244","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/67520"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=346244"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/346244\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/314886"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=346244"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=346244"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=346244"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}