{"id":324551,"date":"2024-06-17T14:30:49","date_gmt":"2024-06-17T09:00:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=324551"},"modified":"2024-06-20T14:17:46","modified_gmt":"2024-06-20T08:47:46","slug":"marital-status-of-woman-cannot-be-the-determining-factor-for-giving-her-child-in-adoption-madras-hc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2024\/06\/17\/marital-status-of-woman-cannot-be-the-determining-factor-for-giving-her-child-in-adoption-madras-hc\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Marital status of woman cannot be the determining factor for giving her child in adoption\u2019, Madras HC sets aside Registering Authority’s order refusing to register adoption deed"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Madras High Court:<\/span> In a writ petition filed against the impugned Refusal Check Slip issued by the Sub Registrar and the impugned order passed by the District Registrar and consequently to direct the Sub Registrar to register the adoption deed dated 12-01-2022, G.R. Swaminathan, J. has held that the proviso to sub-section (2) of Section 9<\/a> of the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956<\/a> will not apply when the mother\/father of the child to be given in adoption is absent. Further, the Court said that the marital status of the woman cannot be the determining factor for giving her child in adoption. Thus, the Court set aside the impugned order, permitted the parties to re-present the document and directed the registering authority to register the same on such re-presentation subject to fulfilment of the other usual formalities.<\/p>\n

Background:<\/p>\n

“A” is a three-year-old male child. He was born on 28-11-2021 to “K” out of an illicit relationship. “K” was a minor when she conceived “A”. Thus, she wants to give the child in adoption. The petitioner and his wife have come forward to take “A” in adoption. Thereafter, a deed of adoption was executed and presented for registration. The registering authority refused registration on the ground that “K” had attained majority and remains unmarried at the time of giving adoption. Challenging the impugned refusal check slip, this writ petition was filed.<\/p>\n

Analysis and Decision:<\/p>\n

The Court took note of Section 2(1)<\/a> of the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956<\/a> (‘HAMA’) dealing with the application of the Act, and noted that Explanation (b) to the said provision reads that the Act will apply to any child, legitimate or illegitimate, one of whose parents is a Hindu, Buddhist, Jaina or Sikh by religion and who is brought up as a member of the tribe, community, group or family to which such parent belongs or belonged.<\/p>\n

The Court said that in this case, “K” is a Hindu, and she has brought up “A” as a Hindu. The petitioner is also a Hindu. His wife has given consent for taking the child in adoption. Therefore, the applicability of the personal laws of Hindus is beyond dispute.<\/p>\n

The Court also noted that Section 6<\/a> of the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956<\/a> sets out the requisites of a valid adoption. One of the conditions is that the person giving in adoption has the capacity to do so.<\/p>\n

Concerning the question whether the adoption is invalid since consent has not been obtained from the biological father of “A”, the Court said as per Section 6(b)<\/a> of the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956<\/a>, in the case of a Hindu minor illegitimate boy or an illegitimate unmarried girl, the mother is the natural guardian and after her, the father.<\/p>\n

Therefore, the Court said that “K” is competent to give her biological child “A” in adoption. The proviso to Section 9(2) of the Act will apply only if the father is around to claim paternity over the child.<\/p>\n

The Court stated that in this case, the father has not even been identified. Thus, one should proceed on the premise that the biological father of the child is not available.<\/p>\n

Citing the legal maxim “Lex Non Cogit Ad Impossibilia<\/span>” which means Law does not compel a person to do that which he or she cannot possibly perform, the Court said that “K” cannot possibly obtain consent from the natural father of the child. Therefore, the proviso to sub-section (2) of Section 9<\/a> of Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956<\/a> cannot apply.<\/p>\n

The Court relied on Githa Hariharan<\/span> v. Reserve Bank of India<\/span>, (1999) 2 SCC 228<\/a>, wherein it was held that the word “after” need not necessarily mean “after the lifetime”. It would mean “in the absence of”, the word “absence” referring to the father’s absence from the care of the minor’s property or person for any reason whatsoever. The Court said that “A” was born on account of the illicit intimacy between “K” and “X”. “X” though alive is absent for all practical purposes in the life of “A” and it is the biological mother who is in charge of his person. In these circumstances, “K” cannot be called upon to obtain the consent of “X”.<\/p>\n

Therefore, the Court held that proviso to sub-section (2) of Section 9<\/a> of the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956<\/a> will not apply when the mother\/father of the child to be given in adoption is absent in the sense laid down Githa Hariharan’s case (supra).<\/p>\n

The Court said that “the reason given in the impugned refusal check slip betrays the patriarchal mind set of the registering authority The underlying assumption is that an unmarried woman above the age of 18 years cannot give her biological child in adoption”.<\/p>\n

The Court said that the marital status of the woman cannot be the determining factor for giving her child in adoption as Section 9<\/a> of the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956<\/a> uses the expressions “father” and “mother”. It does not use the words “husband” and “wife”. Even the proviso to sub-section (2) of Section 9 does not envisage obtaining the consent of one’s spouse, if alive.<\/p>\n

The Court further added that it is possible that a child may be born through live-in relationship or on account of illicit intimacy. The mother may like to give the child up for adoption to ensure a proper future for the child, as the father may have abandoned his child and may not be around to assume responsibility. Thus, the reason set out in the impugned order is patently unsustainable.<\/p>\n

[Ashok Kumar v. Inspector General of Registration, 2024 SCC OnLine Mad 2111<\/a>, Order dated 13-06-2024<\/span>]<\/p>\n\n

Advocates who appeared in this case :<\/p>\n

For Petitioner:<\/span> Advocate T.Muhilan<\/p>\n

For Respondents:<\/span> Government Advocate R.Raghavendran<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Madras High Court said that the reason given in the impugned refusal check slip reveals the patriarchal mind set of the registering authority, giving an underlying assumption that an unmarried woman above the age of 18 years cannot give her biological child in adoption.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67512,"featured_media":314802,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,10],"tags":[3422,41047,60483,69929,33223,27214,2567,69927,69928],"class_list":["post-324551","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-casebriefs","category-highcourts","tag-Adoption","tag-biological-child","tag-hama","tag-hindu-adoptions-and-maintenance-act","tag-illegitimate-child","tag-live-in-relationship","tag-Madras_High_Court","tag-marital-status-for-adoption","tag-marital-status-of-woman"],"yoast_head":"\nMarital 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So this expression \u201cconsent\u201d must be understood as ascertaining its wishes.\u201d","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Muslim Law on adoption","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Muslim-Law-on-adoption.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Muslim-Law-on-adoption.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Muslim-Law-on-adoption.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Muslim-Law-on-adoption.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":325073,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2024\/06\/25\/can-biological-family-be-adoptive-child-legal-heirs-have-claim-properties-madras-high-court-answers\/","url_meta":{"origin":324551,"position":1},"title":"Can adopted child’s biological family claim share in his property as legal heirs? Madras HC answers","author":"Apoorva","date":"June 25, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Madras High Court said that the adoptive child is construed to be a member of the adopted family, all the ties of the child are replaced in the adoptive family created by adoption","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Madras High Court","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Madras-High-Court.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Madras-High-Court.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Madras-High-Court.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Madras-High-Court.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":254450,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/09\/20\/adoption-amendment-regulations-2021-notified-to-make-inter-country-adoptions-easier\/","url_meta":{"origin":324551,"position":2},"title":"Adoption (Amendment) Regulations, 2021 notified to ease the process of inter-country adoptions","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"September 20, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"The Central Government notifies the Adoption (Amendment) Regulations, 2021 to amend the Adoption Regulations, 2017 in order to make inter-country adoptions easier. Key Amendments: A new chapter is inserted on Procedure for Children Adopted under the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956, by Parents who desire to relocate child abroad.\u00a0\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Legislation Updates"","block_context":{"text":"Legislation Updates","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/legislationupdates\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Parliament_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Parliament_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Parliament_Colour.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Parliament_Colour.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Parliament_Colour.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":341845,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2025\/02\/19\/p-h-hc-denies-appeal-against-grant-of-compassionate-appointment-to-adopted-daughter\/","url_meta":{"origin":324551,"position":3},"title":"\u2018Adoption of Hindu child into Hindu family can be made even without a registered deed\u2019; P&H HC denies grant of compassionate appointment to adopted daughter","author":"Editor","date":"February 19, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"The Court held that the adopted daughter could not be denied compassionate appointment because of a school certificate that mentioned the names of the original parents and not the deceased employee, due to the non-presentation of a registered adoption deed for change of parents' names in school records.","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Punjab and Haryana High Court","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Punjab-and-Haryana-High-Court.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Punjab-and-Haryana-High-Court.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Punjab-and-Haryana-High-Court.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Punjab-and-Haryana-High-Court.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":337895,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2024\/12\/24\/up-amendment-section-16-hama-adoption-deeds-registration-pre-1977-allahabad-high-court\/","url_meta":{"origin":324551,"position":4},"title":"UP Amendment to S. 16 of HAMA does not require registration of adoption deeds executed before 1-1-1977: Allahabad HC reaffirms","author":"Editor","date":"December 24, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201cThe U.P. Amendment in Section 16 was made operative w.e.f. 01-01-1977, as such, according to the provisions under the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956, there shall be presumption that adoption has been made in compliance of the provisions of the Act unless and until it is disproved.\u201d","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Allahabad High Court","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Allahabad-High-Court.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Allahabad-High-Court.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Allahabad-High-Court.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Allahabad-High-Court.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":234054,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2020\/08\/17\/madras-hc-adoption-does-not-sever-relationship-of-child-with-biological-father-unless-he-renounces-his-right-as-father\/","url_meta":{"origin":324551,"position":5},"title":"Madras HC | Adoption does not sever relationship of child with biological father unless he renounces his right as father","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"August 17, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Madras High Court:\u00a0P.T. Asha, J., addressed a matter in relation to adoption and modification in the birth certificate of a minor in terms of change in the name of the biological father of the child. Legal status of a biological daughter Petitioners are the adopted father and biological\/natural mother of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/324551","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/67512"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=324551"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/324551\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/314802"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=324551"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=324551"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=324551"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}