{"id":282759,"date":"2023-01-31T13:00:39","date_gmt":"2023-01-31T07:30:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=282759"},"modified":"2023-01-31T12:45:29","modified_gmt":"2023-01-31T07:15:29","slug":"supreme-court-no-stereotypical-assumption-that-where-death-occurs-after-a-lapse-of-time-the-offence-is-of-culpable-homicide-legal-research-legal-news-updates","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2023\/01\/31\/supreme-court-no-stereotypical-assumption-that-where-death-occurs-after-a-lapse-of-time-the-offence-is-of-culpable-homicide-legal-research-legal-news-updates\/","title":{"rendered":"Supreme Court| No stereotypical assumption that where death occurs after a lapse of time, the offence is of culpable homicide"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\">\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\"><b>Supreme Court<\/b>: In a criminal appeal against the judgment and order of Chhattisgarh High Court, wherein the Court has affirmed the conviction recorded, and the sentence imposed, the division bench of Krishna Murari and <span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">S. Ravindra Bhat*<\/span>, JJ. held that there is no infirmity in the impugned judgment, as there can be no stereotypical assumption or formula that where death occurs after a lapse of some time, the injuries (which might have caused the death), the offence is one of culpable homicide. Every case has its unique fact situation. However, what is important is the nature of injury, and whether it is sufficient in the ordinary course to lead to death.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">In the case at hand, the accused persons and the deceased were cousins. One afternoon the accused reached the place and attacked him. As serious head injuries were involved, the deceased was operated, but could not survive and died. The post-mortem report stated that death was caused by injuries sustained by the deceased on the head. The police registered a case under Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001561607\">302<\/a> read with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001561652\">34<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726960\">Penal Code<\/a> (&#8216;IPC&#39;) against all accused person based on a first information report (&#8216;FIR&#39;) lodged by the deceased&#39;s daughter.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The issue was whether the accused are guilty of the offence of murder, punishable under Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001561607\">302<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726960\">IPC<\/a>, or whether they are criminally liable under the less severe Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001561609\">304<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726960\">IPC<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The Court said that the nature of the attack by the accused persons and the quality of eyewitness testimony of prosecution witnesses cannot be doubted and opined that the circumstance that most of the witnesses were related to the deceased does not per se exclude their testimony. The test of credibility or reliability when applied, is fully satisfied in respect of the strength of their testimonies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Further, the Court said that there is no explanation on the part of the accused persons as to why the daughter of the deceased (witness) should depose falsely; nor is there any explanation as to how she could have received her injuries. Also, it opined that all the material aspects of the factual accusations against the accused persons and how they attacked the deceased in an unprovoked manner, cannot be doubted.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Placing reliance on <i>Virsa Singh<\/i> v. <i>State of Punjab<\/i>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/d8xagi59\">1958 SCR 1495<\/a>, wherein it was held that the prosecution must prove the following facts before it can bring a case under Section 300 &#8216;thirdly&#39;:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>It must establish, quite objectively, that a bodily injury is present;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>The nature of the injury must be proved.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>It must be proved that there was an intention to inflict that particular injury and it was not accidental or unintentional or that some other kind of injury was intended.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Once these three elements are proved to be present, the enquiry proceeds further, and lastly it must be proved that the injury of the type just described, made up of the three elements set out above was sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of nature. This part of the enquiry is purely objective and inferential and has nothing to do with the intention of the offender.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The Court said that therefore, the question in the present case is whether the injury caused due to the attack is one which falls within the description of Section 300 &#8216;thirdly&#39; or if it falls within the mischief of Section 300 &#8216;fourthly&#39;. The requirement of Section 300 &#8216;thirdly&#39; is fulfilled, if the prosecution proves that the accused inflicted an injury which would been sufficient to have resulted in death of the victim. The determinative fact would be the intention to cause such injury and what was the degree of probability (gravest, medium, or the lowest degree) of death which determines whether the crime is culpable homicide or murder.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The Court said that there is no difficulty in accepting that the accused persons were aggressors, and they attacked the deceased, with axes; and the deceased was unarmed. Further, the deceased was not able to record his statement; he was never discharged and died in the hospital, after 20 days. Lastly, the doctor who conducted the post-mortem stated that the injuries were caused by a hard and blunt object, and death of the deceased was due to cardiorespiratory failure as a result of multiple injuries on his body and their complications. Apart from the head, there were several other injuries, in the form of abrasions, contusions on the elbow, the lower back, fracture of rib cage, etc.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The question then is, was there a &#8220;sudden quarrel&#8221; between the deceased and the accused persons so that the case would not be murder, but culpable homicide, in terms of Exception 4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The Court said that the testimonies of the two important eyewitnesses establish that when the deceased was levelling the septic tank on his property, the accused persons started abusing him; he asked them not to. Then accused persons, who were in the adjacent property, climbed the wall, entered the deceased&#39;s house, and attacked him with axes. These facts do not constitute a &#8220;sudden quarrel&#8221;, given that the accused persons abused the deceased, in an unprovoked manner, and then they went to where he was, armed with axes, and assaulted him. Even if it is assumed that there was a sudden fight, it cannot be said that the accused failed to act in a cruel manner or did not take undue advantage as they were armed, which shows pre-meditation on their part. Moreover, they both attacked the deceased on the head, which is a vital part of the body, thus taking undue advantage of their situation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Further, the Court said that this case is not covered by the first exception to Section 300, i.e., that the accused did what they were accused of because of their loss of self-control, on account of a grave and sudden provocation. Apart from a long-standing pre-existing dispute, what caused &#8220;sudden&#8221; provocation to the accused has not been shown by them. Neither did they lead any evidence to fall within Exception 1, nor did the evidence on record substantiate such a contention.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">The Court took note of the standard of reasonableness for applying the test of &#8220;grave and sudden&#8221; provocation given in <i>K.M. Nanavati<\/i> v. <i>State of Maharashtra<\/i>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/093p6Wg3\">1962 Supp (1) SCR 567<\/a> and said that while there were pre-existing disputes of some vintage, between the accused persons and the deceased, there is nothing to show that they had been aggravated. It is also not clear whether the deceased said anything to the accused which triggered their ire, leading to loss of self-control as to result in &#8220;grave and sudden provocation&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Further, after taking note of <i>Om Parkash<\/i> v. <i>State of Punjab<\/i>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/2p23xt1J\">(1992) 4 SCC 212<\/a> said that as the deceased died 20 days after the attack, this lapse time shows that the injuries were not sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of nature. However, such a lapse of time would not per se constitute a determinative factor as to diminish the offender&#39;s liability from the offence of murder to that of culpable homicide, not amounting to murder.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">Moreover, the doctor who conducted the post-mortem clearly deposed that death was caused due to cardiorespiratory failures, as a result of the injuries inflicted upon the deceased. Thus, the injuries and the death were closely and directly linked.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 3%;\">[<span style=\"font-weight: bold; color: #632423;\">Prasad Pradhan v. State of Chhattisgarh, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/5kHQ5oG4\">2023 SCC OnLine SC 81<\/a>, decided on 24-01-2023<\/span>]<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">*Judgment by: Justice Ravindra Bhat<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">*Apoorva Goel, Editorial Assistant has reported this brief<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><i>The Supreme Court upheld the conviction order passed by Chhattisgarh High Court, and further held that a lapse of time in death would not per se constitute a determinative factor as to diminish the offender&#8217;s liability from the offence of murder to that of culpable homicide, not amounting to murder.<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67011,"featured_media":282800,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,9],"tags":[12421,39135,13961,2948,5363],"class_list":["post-282759","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-casebriefs","category-supremecourt","tag-culpable-homicide","tag-grave-and-sudden-provocation","tag-ipc","tag-murder","tag-supreme-court"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.4 (Yoast SEO v26.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Supreme Court| No stereotypical assumption that where death occurs after a lapse of time, the offence is of culpable homicide | SCC Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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How to know if a homicide is a &#8216;murder&#8217; or &#8216;culpable homicide not amounting to murder&#8217;?","author":"Prachi Bhardwaj","date":"September 19, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Supreme Court: The bench of KM Joseph and S. Ravindra Bhat*, JJ has reiterated the factors to be considered while deciding the question of whether in a given case, a homicide is murder, punishable under Section 302 IPC, or culpable homicide, of either description, punishable under Section 304 IPC. The\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/sc-2-7.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/sc-2-7.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/sc-2-7.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/sc-2-7.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/sc-2-7.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":245726,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/03\/18\/culpable-homicide-2\/","url_meta":{"origin":282759,"position":1},"title":"Del HC | What is the most crucial element to be determined while finding a person guilty under attempted culpable homicide \u2013 S. 308 IPC? Vegetable seller beaten up on failing to provide money for conducting business outside Okhla Sabzi Mandi","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"March 18, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Delhi High Court: Subramonium Prasad, J., while addressing an issue with respect to culpable homicide expressed that: \u201c\u2026crucial to determine whether the accused had intention or knowledge that the injuries inflicted on the victim would cause the death and as a result thereof the accused could be guilty of committing\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":261763,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2022\/02\/15\/chased-and-killed-in-the-mid-night-much-after-the-altercation-even-after-the-deceased-reached-his-house-cold-blooded-murder-or-culpable-homicide-not-amounting-to-murder-sc-decides\/","url_meta":{"origin":282759,"position":2},"title":"Chased and killed in the mid night much after the altercation, even after the deceased reached his house. Cold blooded murder or\u00a0 culpable homicide not amounting to murder? SC decides","author":"Editor","date":"February 15, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Supreme Court: In a case relating to murder versus culpable homicide legal controversy, the Division Bench of M.R. Shah* and B.V. Nagarathna, JJ., held that the Uttaranchal High Court had erred in observing that the case would fall under Fourth exception to Section 300 IPC and had failed to properly\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chased-and-killed-in-the-mid-night-much-after-the-altercation-even-after-the-deceased-reached-his-house.-Cold-blooded-murder-or-culpable-homicide-not-amounting-to-murder.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chased-and-killed-in-the-mid-night-much-after-the-altercation-even-after-the-deceased-reached-his-house.-Cold-blooded-murder-or-culpable-homicide-not-amounting-to-murder.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chased-and-killed-in-the-mid-night-much-after-the-altercation-even-after-the-deceased-reached-his-house.-Cold-blooded-murder-or-culpable-homicide-not-amounting-to-murder.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chased-and-killed-in-the-mid-night-much-after-the-altercation-even-after-the-deceased-reached-his-house.-Cold-blooded-murder-or-culpable-homicide-not-amounting-to-murder.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chased-and-killed-in-the-mid-night-much-after-the-altercation-even-after-the-deceased-reached-his-house.-Cold-blooded-murder-or-culpable-homicide-not-amounting-to-murder.png?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":270692,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2022\/07\/27\/trial-court-framing-of-charges-discharge-of-accused-murder-postmortem-report-wrong-supreme-court-legal-updates-criminal-law-news\/","url_meta":{"origin":282759,"position":3},"title":"Trial Court not a &#8216;mere post office&#8217;; must apply its mind while framing charges: SC unimpressed with discharge of murder accused based on postmortem report only\u00a0","author":"Prachi Bhardwaj","date":"July 27, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Ultimately, upon appreciation of the entire evidence on record at the end of the trial, the trial court may take one view or the other i.e. whether it is a case of murder or case of culpable homicide. But at the stage of framing of the charge, the trial court\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Trial-Court-not-a-mere-post-office-it-must-apply-its-mind-while-framing-charges.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Trial-Court-not-a-mere-post-office-it-must-apply-its-mind-while-framing-charges.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Trial-Court-not-a-mere-post-office-it-must-apply-its-mind-while-framing-charges.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Trial-Court-not-a-mere-post-office-it-must-apply-its-mind-while-framing-charges.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Trial-Court-not-a-mere-post-office-it-must-apply-its-mind-while-framing-charges.png?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":297495,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2023\/07\/24\/sc-principles-alteration-conviction-section-304-ipc-part-i-to-part-ii-guilty-intention\/","url_meta":{"origin":282759,"position":4},"title":"Supreme Court Decodes Section 304 IPC Maze: When can conviction under Part I be Converted to Part II?","author":"Prachi Bhardwaj","date":"July 24, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"While summarising the principles for altering conviction under Section 304 Part I of the IPC to Section 304 Part II of the IPC, the Supreme Court highlighted the difference between \u2018guilty intention\u2019 and \u2018guilty knowledge\u2019.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"section 304 ipc","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/section-304-ipc.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/section-304-ipc.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/section-304-ipc.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/section-304-ipc.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":279738,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2022\/12\/16\/andhra-pradesh-high-court-acquits-a-man-accused-of-culpable-homicide-not-amounting-to-murder-set-aside-conviction-order-of-session-court\/","url_meta":{"origin":282759,"position":5},"title":"Andhra Pradesh High Court acquits a man accused of culpable homicide not amounting to murder; set aside conviction order of Session Court","author":"Editor","date":"December 16, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Without there being any evidence as to the presence of the accused in the house at the time of the death of the deceased, especially when the material witnesses turned hostile, convicting the accused basing on the assumptions and presumptions by the Sessions Court was erroneous.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Andhra Pradesh High Court","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/MicrosoftTeams-image-491.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/282759","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/67011"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=282759"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/282759\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/282800"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=282759"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=282759"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=282759"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}