{"id":275450,"date":"2022-10-12T11:00:09","date_gmt":"2022-10-12T05:30:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=275450"},"modified":"2022-10-12T11:00:09","modified_gmt":"2022-10-12T05:30:09","slug":"dishonour-cheques-section-138-ni-act-legally-enforceable-debt-encashment-supreme-court-legal-research-updates-news","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2022\/10\/12\/dishonour-cheques-section-138-ni-act-legally-enforceable-debt-encashment-supreme-court-legal-research-updates-news\/","title":{"rendered":"Dishonour of Cheques| Section 138 NI Act would not attract if cheque does not represent a legally enforceable debt at the time of encashment"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Supreme Court:<\/strong> In the case where the Supreme Court was called upon to decide whether the offence under Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001544366\">138<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726957\">Negotiable Instruments Act 1881<\/a> would deem to be committed if the cheque that is dishonoured does not represent the enforceable debt at the time of encashment, the bench of <strong>Dr. DY Chandrachud<\/strong>* and Hima Kohli, JJ has held that for the commission of an offence under Section 138, the cheque that is dishonoured must represent a legally enforceable debt on the date of maturity or presentation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Court has further explained that if the drawer of the cheque pays a part or whole of the sum between the period when the cheque is drawn and when it is encashed upon maturity, then the legally enforceable debt on the date of maturity would not be the sum represented on the cheque.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When a part or whole of the sum represented on the cheque is paid by the drawer of the cheque, it must be endorsed on the cheque as prescribed in Section 56 of the Act. The cheque endorsed with the payment made may be used to negotiate the balance, if any. If the cheque that is endorsed is dishonoured when it is sought to be encashed upon maturity, then the offence under Section 138 will stand attracted.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Under Section 56 read with Section 15 of the Act, an endorsement may be made by recording the part-payment of the debt in the cheque or in a note appended to the cheque. When such an endorsement is made, the instrument could still be used to negotiate the balance amount. If the endorsed cheque when presented for encashment of the balance amount is dishonoured, then the drawee can take recourse to the provisions of Section 138. Thus, when a part- payment of the debt is made after the cheque was drawn but before the cheque is encashed, such payment must be endorsed on the cheque under Section 56 of the Act. The cheque cannot be presented for encashment without recording the part payment. If the unendorsed cheque is dishonoured on presentation, the offence under Section 138 would not be attracted since the cheque does not represent a legally enforceable debt at the time of encashment.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Court was deciding the case where the respondent had made part-payments after the debt was incurred and before the cheque was encashed upon maturity. The sum of rupees twenty lakhs represented on the cheque was not the \u2018legally enforceable debt\u2019 on the date of maturity. Thus, it was held that the respondent cannot be deemed to have committed an offence under Section 138 of the Act when the cheque was dishonoured for insufficient funds.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[Dashrathbhai Trikambhai Patel v. Hitesh Mahendrabhai Patel, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/qbiY4dEQ\">2022 SCC OnLine SC 1376<\/a>, decided on 11.10.2022]<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\">*Judgment by: Justice Dr DY Chandrachud<\/h4>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">For appellant: Advocate Mehmood Umar Faruqui<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">For Respondent: Senior Advocate Nakul Dewan<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Supreme Court: In the case where the Supreme Court was called upon to decide whether the offence under Section 138 of the 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for Time-Barred Debt Revives Enforceability Under S. 25(3) Contract Act; Dishonour attracts Section 138 NI Act: Rajasthan High Court","author":"Editor","date":"October 16, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201cA meaningful reading of Sections 20, 118 and 139 of the NI Act makes it clear that a person who signs a cheque and delivers it to the payee remains liable unless he successfully rebuts the statutory presumptions.\u201d","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Section 138 NI Act on Cheque for Time-Barred Debt","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Section-138-NI-Act-on-Cheque-for-Time-Barred-Debt.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Section-138-NI-Act-on-Cheque-for-Time-Barred-Debt.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Section-138-NI-Act-on-Cheque-for-Time-Barred-Debt.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Section-138-NI-Act-on-Cheque-for-Time-Barred-Debt.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":266788,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2022\/05\/12\/banks-slip-denoting-cheque-has-been-dishonoured-a-prima-facie-evidence-tis-hazari-courts\/","url_meta":{"origin":275450,"position":1},"title":"Law on S. 146 NI Act | Bank\u2019s slip denoting cheque has been dishonoured: A prima facie evidence? Explained by Tis Hazari Courts","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"May 12, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Tis Hazari Courts, New Delhi: While addressing a decision revolving around Section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Sanjay Sharma-II, Additional Sessions Judge-03, upheld the decision of the Trial Court and held that all the ingredients of Section 138 NI Act were fulfilled by the complainant. A criminal appeal under\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Tis-hazari","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/Tis-hazari.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/Tis-hazari.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/Tis-hazari.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/Tis-hazari.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/Tis-hazari.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":240707,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2020\/12\/15\/bom-hc-does-ni-act-authorises-a-complaintant-to-fill-an-incomplete-cheque-court-discusses-while-reversing-acquittal-of-accused-under-s-138-ni-act\/","url_meta":{"origin":275450,"position":2},"title":"Bom HC | Does NI Act authorises a complainant to fill an incomplete cheque? Court discusses while reversing acquittal of accused under S. 138 NI Act","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"December 15, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Bombay High Court:\u00a0Vibha Kankanwadi, J., reversed the acquittal of the respondent-accused holding him guilty of having committed an offence under Section 138 (dishonour of cheque) of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. Facts on record The complainant had come with a case wherein he stated he had friendly relations with the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bombay-HC.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":251535,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/07\/20\/section-141-ni-act\/","url_meta":{"origin":275450,"position":3},"title":"Is it mandatory to arraign firm as accused to make partner liable for dishonor of cheque under Ss. 138\/141 of NI Act? HC explains","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"July 20, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Uttaranchal High Court: Alok Kumar Verma, J., addressed a matter revolving around dishonour of cheque. Appellant-Complainant preferred an appeal against the decision of the trial court wherein the respondent accused was acquitted from the offence punishable under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. Facts Accused had requested money\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":255925,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/10\/21\/presumption-and-rebuttal-under-ni-act\/","url_meta":{"origin":275450,"position":4},"title":"Presumption and Rebuttal under NI Act: Read Court&#8217;s verdict discussing onus of proof and nature of defence where &#8220;payment stopped by drawer&#8221;","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"October 21, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Mayo Hall Unit, Bengaluru: Vani A. Shetty, XVII Additional Judge, Court of Small Causes & ACMM, addressed a matter with respect to the liability of the accused in a case of dishonour of cheque under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. In the present\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/DISHONOUR-OF-CHEQUE.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/DISHONOUR-OF-CHEQUE.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/DISHONOUR-OF-CHEQUE.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/DISHONOUR-OF-CHEQUE.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/DISHONOUR-OF-CHEQUE.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":320201,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2024\/04\/17\/supreme-court-upholds-acquittal-16-year-old-cheque-dishonour-case-complainant-failed-show-sum-advanced-towards-financial-assistance\/","url_meta":{"origin":275450,"position":5},"title":"Supreme Court upholds acquittal in 16-year-old cheque dishonour case; Says complainant failed to show if any sum was advanced towards financial assistance","author":"Apoorva","date":"April 17, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201cBoth the appellate fora, on-going through the evidence did not find existence of any \u2018enforceable debt or other liability\u2019. This strikes at the root of the Rajco Steel\u2019s case\u201d","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"cheque dishonour case","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/cheque-dishonour-case.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/cheque-dishonour-case.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/cheque-dishonour-case.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/cheque-dishonour-case.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275450","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/121"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=275450"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275450\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/275453"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=275450"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=275450"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=275450"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}