{"id":273822,"date":"2022-09-16T12:00:29","date_gmt":"2022-09-16T06:30:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=273822"},"modified":"2022-09-16T12:00:29","modified_gmt":"2022-09-16T06:30:29","slug":"a-perspective-on-non-conventional-trademarks-and-the-difficulties-in-extending-ip-protection-to-them","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2022\/09\/16\/a-perspective-on-non-conventional-trademarks-and-the-difficulties-in-extending-ip-protection-to-them\/","title":{"rendered":"A Perspective on Non-Conventional Trademarks and the Difficulties in Extending IP Protection to Them"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

   <\/p>\n

Introduction<\/h4>\n

Conventional trademarks like words, symbols, logos, devices, and names have been commonly used globally. Non-conventional trademarks go beyond conventional trademarks in terms of their nature, characteristics, and potential. These include both visible marks (colour, shape, holograms, etc.) and non-visible marks (sound, smell, taste, etc).1<\/sup><\/a> Non-conventional trademarks are not yet accepted by most jurisdictions, yet they are very common in the contemporary market sphere.2<\/sup><\/a> The paper primarily focuses on smell, sound, and colour marks.<\/p>\n

Trademarks are defined under Article 15 of the TRIPS Agreement3<\/sup><\/a> as any sign or a combination of signs that can distinguish the goods and services from one another.4<\/sup><\/a> Although there is no explicit mention, the ambit of the definition is wide enough to fit non-conventional trademarks. Thus, in order to classify as a non-conventional trademark, a mark must be — inherently distinct, indicate the origin, capable of being represented graphically and capable of distinguishing goods from one another.5<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

In order to get registered, these trademarks have to comply with statutory provisions that differ across different countries. Several countries, including the EU and India, have extended protection to non-conventional trademarks. In Seickmann<\/i> v. Deutsches Patent-und Markenamt<\/i>6<\/sup><\/a>, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) held that the graphical representation of the non-conventional trademarks must be “clear, precise, self-contained, easily accessible, intelligible, durable and objective”7<\/sup><\/a>. The wide recognition of this criteria and the prerequisite of graphical representation has created several problems in extending protection to non-conventional trademarks.<\/p>\n

Problems\/issues<\/h4>\n

Due to the prerequisites of graphical representation and distinctiveness, various jurisdictions have followed different approaches to deal with the registration of sound marks. Further, it is crucial to examine whether the consumers perceive it to be exclusive linked to the product.8<\/sup><\/a> In Shield Mark BV<\/i> v. Joost Kist<\/i>9<\/sup><\/a>, the ECJ dealt with the graphical representation of both musical and non-musical sounds. While a detailed notation of musical sounds was enough, non-musical sounds were deemed to be far more complicated to be registered because a worded description of these would not be “precise”. Thus, the ECJ held that digital recordings along with graphical representation were required for the non-musical sounds due to the variation in the level of intelligibility.10<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Further, due to the application of the Seickmann<\/i>11<\/sup><\/a>criteria, it is found that smell marks are theoretically registered, while they cannot be practically registered. In Seickmann case<\/i>12<\/sup><\/a>, a chemical formula of the smell and a description “balsamically fruity with a slight hint of cinnamon” was submitted.13<\/sup><\/a> The ECJ held that although the description was intelligible and easily accessible, it was not object, precise and clear. Further, although the chemical formula was objective, it was not intelligible or self-contained.14<\/sup><\/a> With this, it can be noted that the Seickmann<\/i>15<\/sup><\/a>criteria can only fully be satisfied with marks like words or devices, and not by non-conventional trademarks.<\/p>\n

Further, colour marks are most often only registrable if it is a “combination of colours.” There has often been a doubt about whether a colour mark is too abstract to be registered as a trademark. In n Libertel Groep BV<\/i> v. Benelux-Merkenbureau<\/i>16<\/sup><\/a>, the ECJ held that a colour is merely a property of a thing and cannot be constituted as a sign.17<\/sup><\/a> The Court further emphasised on the existence of the “Pantone Code” that provides for different numerical codes to colour shades for identification. Thus, it came to a conclusion that in order to register a colour mark, a threefold test has to be complied with i.e. functionality, graphical representation, and distinctiveness.18<\/sup><\/a> <\/p>\n

Further, in Société des Produits Nestle SA<\/i> v. Cadbury<\/i>19<\/sup><\/a>, there was an application to register the colour purpose as a trademark for Cadbury. The Court held that giving a trademark of a single colour, as opposed to a combination of colours, would lead to Cadbury acquiring a legal monopoly over purple coloured packaging and would give them an unfair advantage over other companies\/brands.20<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

To conclude, the procedural problems lie with the registration of non-conventional trademarks due to the lack of a uniform global practice. It is very often difficult to extend protection to the non-conventional trademarks due to the prerequisites of graphical representation, distinctiveness, and functionality (i.e. the product's function and purpose cannot be the same). Moreover, the open-ended nature of the definitions of the term “trademark” cause ambiguity at a global platform. In order to overcome this issue, there is a need for a more uniform and consistent policy which applies to all the countries under the WTO.<\/p>\n

Indian position and conclusion<\/h4>\n

Fulfilling the obligations of the WTO and complying with the TRIPS Agreement, Section 2(1)(b<\/i>)<\/a> of the Trade Marks Act, 1999<\/a>21<\/sup><\/a> provides for a broad definition of trademarks that has given scope to non-conventional trademarks to be included and considered. There have been a lot of trademarks that are successfully registered in India. For instance, Yahoo Inc., Colgate, ICICI Bank, etc. have successfully registered their trademarks.22<\/sup><\/a> However, India, as compared to other countries like the EU and the US, has lesser registrations of non-conventional trademarks due to the rigidity of Indian law, unlike the laws of other countries. Moreover, graphical representation, being the “sine qua non” of trademark registration in India, has caused major difficulties in the registration of the non-conventional trademarks.23<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Although the amended Trade Marks Rules24<\/sup><\/a> have permitted digitalised graphical representation, making it relatively easier for these marks to be registered25<\/sup><\/a>, there are not enough technological developments that have been incorporated within these rules and other provisions. For instance, the Draft Manual26<\/sup><\/a>, expressly adopting the Seickmann<\/i> criteria27<\/sup><\/a>, has emphasised that certain “marks” like the colour, sound, shape, and smell will need a “special consideration”.28<\/sup><\/a> Such provisions have created an ambiguity in Indian law. In order to robust its business and trade-related growth, Indian law and policymakers need to adapt to the latest developments across the world. <\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n

*Law graduate, living and working in New Delhi. Author can be reached at <paridhijainx@gmail.com<\/a>>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1.<\/a> Gangjee, Dev, “Non-Conventional Trade Marks in India”, 22.1 NLSI Rev 67 (2010), pp. 67-96, <\/a>Jacob, Kuruvila M., and Nidhi Kulkarni, “Non-Conventional Trade Marks: Has India Secured an Equal Footing?”, Indian Journal of Intellectual Property Law, Vol. 9 (2018), pp. 47-72.<\/a><\/p>\n

2.<\/a> Lukose, Lisa P., “Non-Traditional Trademarks: A Critique,” 57 JILI (2015) 197, pp.197-215<\/a>.<\/p>\n

3.<\/a> Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, 1995, Art. 15<\/a>.<\/p>\n

4.<\/a> Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, 1995, Art. 15<\/a>.<\/p>\n

5.<\/a> Majumdar, Arka, Subhojit Sadhu and Sunandan Majumdar, “The Requirement of Graphical Representability for Non-Conventional Trade Marks”, JIPR Vol. 11(5) (Sep 2006); Jacob, Kuruvila M., and Nidhi Kulkarni, “Non-Conventional Trade Marks: Has India Secured an Equal Footing?”, <\/a>Indian Journal of Intellectual Property Law, Vol. 9 (2018), pp. 47-72.<\/a><\/p>\n

6.<\/a> 2003 Ch 487 : (2003) 3 WLR 424 : (2003) ETMR 37<\/a>.<\/p>\n

7.<\/a> Seickmann<\/i> v. Deutsches Patent-und Markenamt<\/i>, 2003 Ch 487 : (2003) 3 WLR 424 : (2003) ETMR 37<\/a>.<\/p>\n

8.<\/a> Lukose, Lisa P., “Non-Traditional Trademarks: A Critique,” 57 JILI (2015) 197, pp. 197-215<\/a>.<\/p>\n

9.<\/a> (2004) RPC 315 (ECJ).<\/p>\n

10.<\/a> Shield Mark BV<\/i> v. Joost Kist,<\/i> (2004) RPC 315 (ECJ).<\/p>\n

11.<\/a> Seickmann<\/i> v. Deutsches Patent-und Markenamt<\/i>, 2003 Ch 487 : (2003) 3 WLR 424 : (2003) ETMR 37<\/a>.<\/p>\n

12.<\/a> Seickmann<\/i> v. Deutsches Patent-und Markenamt<\/i>, 2003 Ch 487 : (2003) 3 WLR 424 : (2003) ETMR 37<\/a>.<\/p>\n

13.<\/a> Seickmann<\/i> v. Deutsches Patent-und Markenamt<\/i>, 2003 Ch 487 : (2003) 3 WLR 424 : (2003) ETMR 37,<\/i> para 11.<\/a><\/p>\n

14.<\/a> Seickmann<\/i> v. Deutsches Patent-und Markenamt<\/i>, 2003 Ch 487 : (2003) 3 WLR 424 : (2003) ETMR 37<\/a>.<\/p>\n

15.<\/a> Seickmann<\/i> v. Deutsches Patent-und Markenamt<\/i>, 2003 Ch 487 : (2003) 3 WLR 424 : (2003) ETMR 37<\/a>.<\/p>\n

16.<\/a> (2003) ETMR 63 (ECJ).<\/p>\n

17.<\/a> Libertel Groep BV<\/i> v. Benelux-Merkenbureau,<\/i> (2003) ETMR 63 (ECJ).<\/p>\n

18.<\/a> Mishra, Neha, “Registration of Non-Traditional Trade Marks”, Journal of Intellectual Property Rights 13(1) (2008); Vatsa, Aishwarya, “Subject-Matter and Prerequisites for Protection of Non-Conventional Trade Mark”, Christ University Law Journal, Vol. 8, Issue 1 (2019), pp. 61-80.<\/p>\n

19.<\/a> Société des Produits Nestle SA<\/i> v. Cadbury<\/i>, (2012) EWHC 2637 (Ch).<\/p>\n

20.<\/a> Société des Produits Nestle SA<\/i> v. Cadbury<\/i>, (2012) EWHC 2637 (Ch).<\/p>\n

21.<\/a> Trade Marks Act, 1999, S. 2(1)(zb<\/i>).<\/a><\/p>\n

22.<\/a> Vatsa, Aishwarya, “Subject-Matter and Prerequisites for Protection of Non-Conventional Trade Mark”, Christ University Law Journal, Vol. 8, Issue 1 (2019), pp. 61-80.<\/p>\n

23.<\/a> Gangjee, Dev, “Non-Conventional Trade Marks in India”, 22.1 NLSI Rev 67 (2010), pp. 67-96<\/a>; Jacob, Kuruvila M., and Nidhi Kulkarni,“Non-Conventional Trade Marks: Has India Secured an Equal Footing?” <\/a>Indian Journal of Intellectual Property Law,  Vol. 9 (2018), pp. 47-72.<\/a><\/p>\n

24.<\/a> Trade Marks Rules, 2017<\/a>, R. 2(k<\/i>).<\/p>\n

25.<\/a> Trade Marks Rules, 2017<\/a>, R. 2(k<\/i>).<\/p>\n

26.<\/a> Draft Manual of Trade Marks Practice and Procedure.<\/p>\n

27.<\/a> Seickmann<\/i> v. Deutsches Patent-und Markenamt<\/i>, 2003 Ch 487 : (2003) 3 WLR 424 : (2003) ETMR 37<\/a>; See<\/i> Draft Manual of Trade Marks for Practice and Procedure, Ch. 2, at 5.2.2.1.<\/p>\n

28.<\/a> Draft Manual of Trade Marks Practice and Procedure, Ch. 2, at 3.1.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

by Paridhi Jain*<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8808,"featured_media":273825,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[42503,1191],"tags":[51718,51719,51720,4331],"class_list":["post-273822","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-legal-analysis","category-op-ed","tag-ip-protection","tag-non-conventional","tag-perspective","tag-trademarks"],"yoast_head":"\nA Perspective on Non-Conventional Trademarks and the Difficulties in Extending IP Protection to Them | SCC Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Conventional trademarks like words, symbols, logos, devices, and names have been commonly used globally. 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Practices","author":"Editor","date":"December 2, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"The workshop focuses on enhancing consumer awareness on trademarks, addressing deception in branding, and safeguarding buyers from confusingly similar or counterfeit products in the marketplace.","rel":"","context":"In "Events\/Webinars"","block_context":{"text":"Events\/Webinars","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/news\/events-and-webinars\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Consumer Awareness on Trademark Deception","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Consumer-Awareness-on-Trademark-Deception.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Consumer-Awareness-on-Trademark-Deception.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, 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would amount to infringement","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"June 1, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Delhi High Court: Jayant Nath, J., addressed a matter wherein the domain names similar to the trade mark \u2018BAJAJ FINANCE\u2019 or \u2018BAJAJ FINSERV\u2019 were being used. An application was filed under Order 39 Rules 1 and 2 CPC seeking an ex-parte injunction to restrain defendants 1 to 5 and their\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":239681,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2020\/11\/26\/ap-hc-extensive-analysis-of-trade-marks-law-can-injunction-be-granted-in-case-a-trade-mark-falls-under-ambit-of-test-of-likelihood-of-confusion-or-deception-read-more-on-trademark-law-and-buye\/","url_meta":{"origin":273822,"position":3},"title":"AP HC | Extensive Analysis of Trade Marks Law: Can injunction be granted in case a trade mark falls under ambit of ‘Test of likelihood of confusion or deception’? Read more on Buyer Confusion","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"November 26, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Andhra Pradesh High Court:\u00a0R. Raghunandan Rao, J., addressed a matter wherein the law relating to Trade Mark and Passing off was highlighted wherein the trademarks of the parties are similar or identical. Permanent Injunction was sought by the respondent to restrain the appellant from infringing on the trademarks or passing\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Andhra-Pradesh-High-Court.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Andhra-Pradesh-High-Court.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Andhra-Pradesh-High-Court.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Andhra-Pradesh-High-Court.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Andhra-Pradesh-High-Court.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":244925,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/03\/03\/arbitration\/","url_meta":{"origin":273822,"position":4},"title":"Del HC | What is the scope of Court’s jurisdiction while examining application under S. 8, Arbitration and Conciliation Act. What is effect of ‘Chalk & Cheese’ case of non-arbitrability? HC examines in “Hero” electric bikes dispute","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"March 3, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Delhi High Court: C. Hari Shankar, J., expressed while addressing a dispute that: \u201cWhere a valid arbitration agreement exists, the decision also underscores the position that, ordinarily, the disputes between the parties ought to be referred to arbitration, and it is only where a clear \u201cchalk and cheese\u201d case of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":279621,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2022\/12\/15\/delhi-high-court-grants-ex-parte-ad-interim-injunction-to-sukam-systems-p-ltd-for-its-trade-mark-su-kam-against-lithium-power-energy-p-ltd-in-a-trade-mark-infringement-suit\/","url_meta":{"origin":273822,"position":5},"title":"Delhi High Court grants ex parte ad interim injunction to Sukam Systems (P) Ltd. for its trade mark \u2018Su-Kam\u2019 against Lithium Power Energy (P) Ltd in a trade mark infringement suit","author":"Editor","date":"December 15, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"In the present case, Sukam Systems (P) Ltd. alleged infringement and passing of by Lithium Power Energy (P) Ltd. of its registered trade marks \u2018Su-Kam\u2019, \u2018BIG conqueror Tubular Battery\u2019 and \u2018BIG Warrior Tubular Battery\u2019.","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Delhi High Court","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/MicrosoftTeams-image-418.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/273822","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8808"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=273822"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/273822\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/273825"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=273822"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=273822"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=273822"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}