{"id":273639,"date":"2022-09-13T15:00:41","date_gmt":"2022-09-13T09:30:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=273639"},"modified":"2022-09-13T15:00:41","modified_gmt":"2022-09-13T09:30:41","slug":"juvenility-belated-plea-documentary-evidence-bone-ossification-test-time-supreme-court-legal-research-updates-news","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2022\/09\/13\/juvenility-belated-plea-documentary-evidence-bone-ossification-test-time-supreme-court-legal-research-updates-news\/","title":{"rendered":"Explained| Determination of Juvenility: Hierarchy of documents that can be relied on; belated plea if can be allowed; Bone ossification test at a belated stage"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Supreme Court<\/strong>: The bench of Dinesh Maheshwari and <strong>JB Pardiwala<\/strong>*, JJ has observed that the plea of juvenility can be allowed to be raised at a considerably belated stage as the interest of a child is at stake as once a child is caught in the web of adult criminal justice system, it is difficult for the child to get out of it unscathed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Keeping in mind the main object and purpose of the Juvenile Justice law, the Court said that the focus should be on the juvenile\u2019s reformation and rehabilitation so that he also may have an opportunity to enjoy as other children.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Juvenility &#8211; Documentary evidence <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In deciding whether an accused is juvenile or not, a hyper technical approach should not be adopted. While appreciating the evidence adduced on behalf of the accused in support of the plea that he is a juvenile, if two views are possible on the same evidence, the Court should lean in favour of holding the\u00a0\u00a0 accused to be juvenile in borderline cases. The inquiry contemplated is not a roving inquiry. The Court can accept as evidence something more than an affidavit <em>i.e.<\/em> documents, certificates etc. as evidence in proof of age.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Stressing on the importance of documentary evidence, the Court observed that a mere opinion by a person as to the accused looking one or two years older than the age claimed by him or the fact that the accused told his age to be more than what he alleges in the case while being arrested by the police officer would not hold much water. It is the documentary evidence placed on record that plays a major role in determining the age of a juvenile in conflict of law. And, it is only in the cases where the documents or certificates placed on record by the accused in support of his claim of juvenility are found to be fabricated or manipulated, that the Court, the Juvenile Justice Board or the Committee need to go for medical test for age determination.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Which document can be relied on? <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As per the Clause (a) of Rule 12(3) of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Rules, 2007 that contains a hierarchical ordering,<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">(i) where a matriculation or equivalent certificate is available, the other documents cannot be relied upon. The matriculation certificate, in other words, is given precedence.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">(ii) in the absence of a matriculation certificate that the date of birth certificate of the school first attended, can be relied upon.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">(iii) in the absence of both the matriculation and the birth certificates of the first school attended that a birth certificate issued by the corporation, municipal authority or panchayat could be obtained.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Determination of plea of juvenility at a belated stage<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ideally, there should not be any dispute as to the age of a person if the birth is registered in accordance with law and date of birth is entered in the school records on the basis of genuine record of birth. However, in India, the factors like poverty, illiteracy, ignorance, indifference and inadequacy of the system often lead to there being no documentary proof of a person\u2019s age. Therefore, in those cases where the plea of juvenility is raised at a belated stage, often certain medical tests are resorted to forage determination in absence of the documents enumerated above.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cThe rule allowing plea of juvenility to be raised at a considerably belated stage has its rationale in the contemporary child rights jurisprudence which requires the stakeholders to act in the best interest of the child.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Bone ossification test at a belated stage <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The bone ossification test (ossification test) is a test that determines age based on the \u201cdegree of fusion of bone\u201d by taking the x-ray of a few bones. In simple words, the ossification test or osteogenesis is the process of the bone formation based on the fusion of joints between the birth and age of twenty\u00acfive years in an individual. Bone age is an indicator of the skeletal and biological maturity of an individual which assists in the determination of age. The most common method used for the calculation of the bone age is radiography of the hand and wrist until the age of 18 years beyond which the medial age of clavicle is used for bone age calculation till the age of 22 years as the hand and wrist bone radiographs cannot be computed beyond 18 years of age as the elongation of the bone is complete after adolescence. However, it must be noted that the ossification test varies slightly based on individual characteristics, therefore the ossification test though is relevant however it cannot be called solely conclusive.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When a person is around 18 years of age, the ossification test can be said to be relevant for determining the approximate age of a person in conflict with law. However, when the person is around 40-55 years of age, the structure of bones cannot be helpful in determining the age. The courts in India have\u00a0\u00a0 accepted the fact that after the age of thirty years the ossification test cannot be relied upon for age determination, however, the Court may, in rare cases, order it in the larger interest of justice.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>[Vinod Katara v. State of Uttar Pradesh, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/303oTeMU\">2022 SCC OnLine SC 1204<\/a>, decided on 12.09.2022]<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>*Judgment by: Justice JB Pardiwala <\/strong><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Supreme Court: The bench of Dinesh Maheshwari and JB Pardiwala*, JJ has observed that the plea of juvenility can be allowed to <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121,"featured_media":273643,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,9],"tags":[46642,34313,8011,3108,51650],"class_list":["post-273639","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-casebriefs","category-supremecourt","tag-bone-ossification-test","tag-documentary-evidence","tag-juvenile-justice","tag-Juvenility","tag-plea-of-juvenility"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.4 (Yoast SEO v26.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Explained| Determination of Juvenility: Hierarchy of documents that can be relied on; belated plea if can be allowed; Bone ossification test at a belated stage | SCC Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2022\/09\/13\/juvenility-belated-plea-documentary-evidence-bone-ossification-test-time-supreme-court-legal-research-updates-news\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Explained| Determination of Juvenility: Hierarchy of documents that can be relied on; belated plea if can be allowed; Bone ossification test at a belated stage\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Supreme Court: The bench of Dinesh Maheshwari and JB Pardiwala*, JJ has observed that the plea of juvenility can be allowed to\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2022\/09\/13\/juvenility-belated-plea-documentary-evidence-bone-ossification-test-time-supreme-court-legal-research-updates-news\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"SCC Times\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/scc.online\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-09-13T09:30:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MicrosoftTeams-image-72-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1331\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"888\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Prachi Bhardwaj\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Prachi Bhardwaj\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2022\/09\/13\/juvenility-belated-plea-documentary-evidence-bone-ossification-test-time-supreme-court-legal-research-updates-news\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2022\/09\/13\/juvenility-belated-plea-documentary-evidence-bone-ossification-test-time-supreme-court-legal-research-updates-news\/\",\"name\":\"Explained| Determination of Juvenility: Hierarchy of documents that can be relied on; 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SC answers","author":"Editor","date":"March 2, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201cThe ossification test can be said to be relevant for determining the approximate age of a person in conflict with law. However, when the person is around 40-55 years of age, the structure of bones cannot be helpful in determining the age.\u201d","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/sc-3-3.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/sc-3-3.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/sc-3-3.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/sc-3-3.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/sc-3-3.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":358389,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2025\/08\/30\/rajasthan-high-court-claim-of-juvenility-can-be-raised-at-any-stage\/","url_meta":{"origin":273639,"position":1},"title":"At what stage the claim of juvenility can be raised by the accused juvenile?: Rajasthan High Court answers","author":"Editor","date":"August 30, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201cIf two views are possible during the course of enquiry, the Court should lean in favour of holding the accused to be juvenile in borderline cases.\u201d","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Claim of juvenility","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Claim-of-juvenility.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Claim-of-juvenility.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Claim-of-juvenility.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Claim-of-juvenility.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":224353,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2020\/01\/21\/nirbhaya-casesc-yet-again-rejects-pawan-kumars-plea-of-juvenility\/","url_meta":{"origin":273639,"position":2},"title":"Nirbhaya Case|SC yet again rejects Pawan Kumar\u2019s plea of juvenility","author":"Prachi Bhardwaj","date":"January 21, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Supreme Court: The 3-judge bench of R. Banumathi, Ashok Bhushan and AS Bopanna, JJ has dismissed the Special Leave Petition filed by Pawan Kumar Gupta, one of the four death row convicts in the Nirbhaya Gang rape case where he \u201creagitated\u201d the plea of juvenility. The Court said, \u201conce a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":258734,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/12\/18\/whether-discrepancies-in-school-records-on-the-basis-of-which-dob-was-recorded-for-admission-in-matriculation-will-discredit-matriculation-certificate-for-proving-juvenility-sc-decides\/","url_meta":{"origin":273639,"position":3},"title":"Whether discrepancies in school records on the basis of which DoB was recorded for admission in matriculation will discredit matriculation certificate for proving juvenility? SC decides","author":"Editor","date":"December 18, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Supreme Court: Upholding the concurrent findings of High Court as well as Sessions Court and Juvenile Justice Board, the Division Bench comprising of Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud and B.V. Nagarathna*, JJ., passed a detailed verdict to guide determination of juvenility. Rejecting the contention of the appellant that the signatures of respondent\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/sc-2-7.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/sc-2-7.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/sc-2-7.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/sc-2-7.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/sc-2-7.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":378023,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2026\/03\/11\/bom-hc-juvenility-plea-can-be-raised-at-any-stage\/","url_meta":{"origin":273639,"position":4},"title":"Plea of juvenility can be raised at any stage; Delay in raising claim not a valid ground for rejection: Bombay HC","author":"Soumya Yadav","date":"March 11, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201cThe prayer seeking a direction for placing the whole matter before the JJ Board under Sections 9 and 10 JJ Act could not have been rejected by the Special Judge (POCSO).\u201d","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"plea of juvenility","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/plea-of-juvenility.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/plea-of-juvenility.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/plea-of-juvenility.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/plea-of-juvenility.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":224912,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2020\/01\/31\/nirbhaya-case-sc-dismisses-pawan-kumars-plea-seeking-review-of-order-rejecting-juvenility-claim\/","url_meta":{"origin":273639,"position":5},"title":"Nirbhaya Case| SC dismisses Pawan Kumar&#8217;s plea seeking review of order rejecting juvenility claim","author":"Prachi Bhardwaj","date":"January 31, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Supreme Court: The 3-judge bench of R. Banumathi, Ashok Bhushan and AS Bopanna, JJ has refused to review it\u2019s order dated 21.01.2020 wherein it had dismissed the SLP filed by Pawan Kumar Gupta, one of the four death row convicts in the Nirbhaya Gang rape case, \u201creagitating\u201d the plea of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/273639","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/121"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=273639"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/273639\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/273643"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=273639"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=273639"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=273639"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}