{"id":261850,"date":"2022-02-16T16:00:08","date_gmt":"2022-02-16T10:30:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=261850"},"modified":"2022-03-15T10:35:30","modified_gmt":"2022-03-15T05:05:30","slug":"to-wear-or-not-to-wear-precedents-on-dilemma-of-wearing-headscarf-from-the-kerala-high-court","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2022\/02\/16\/to-wear-or-not-to-wear-precedents-on-dilemma-of-wearing-headscarf-from-the-kerala-high-court\/","title":{"rendered":"To Wear or Not to Wear? Precedents on dilemma of wearing \u2018Headscarf\u2019 from the Kerala High Court"},"content":{"rendered":"

In Nadha Raheem v. C.B.S.E<\/em>,\u00a0 2015 SCC OnLine Ker 21660<\/a>, Kerala High Court\u2019s Single Judge Bench in the year 2015 dealt with petitions by two female students belonging to the Muslim community contending that the dress code prescribed by the Central Board of Secondary Education (C.B.S.E) of wearing half sleeve kurta\/salvar would prejudice them, as their religious custom mandates them to wear a headscarf and also full sleeve dresses.<\/p>\n

In the said case, the Standing counsel for C.B.S.E submitted that the dress code was specified by the C.B.S.E not intending to harass any student, on the contrary, to ensure that no untoward incident shall occur which would lead to cancellation of the examination.<\/p>\n

The Standing Counsel had placed the Supreme Court decision by highlighting the extracts which revealed the indigenous methods by which copying was resorted to by means of electronic gadgets, wired to the body itself, and camouflaged by full sleeve dress and so on and so forth.<\/p>\n

The Single Judge Bench of the Court noted that only two students came up before the Bench.<\/p>\n

In Court\u2019s opinion, the dress code could not be said to be wrong or improper.<\/p>\n

However, Justice K. Vinod Chandran observed that,<\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0\u201c\u2026it cannot be ignored that in our country with its varied and diverse religions and customs, it cannot be insisted that a particular dress code be followed failing which a student would be prohibited from sitting for the examinations.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Hence, the Court opined that no blanket orders were required in the petitions apprehending that they would be prohibited in writing the examination for the reason of their wearing a dress conducive to their religious customs and beliefs.<\/p>\n

In the stated facts and circumstances of the case, High Court had directed that the petitioners who intended to wear a dress according to their religious custom, but contrary to the dress code, shall present themselves before the Invigilator half an hour before the examination and on any suspicion expressed by the Invigilator, shall also subject themselves to any acceptable mode of personal examination as decided by the Invigilator, but however, carried on only by an authorised person of the same sex.<\/p>\n

If the Invigilator requires the headscarf or the full sleeve garments to be removed and examined, then the petitioners shall also subject themselves to that, by the authorised person, High Court stated.<\/p>\n

Kerala High Court had also asked the C.B.S.E to issue general instructions to its invigilators to ensure that religious sentiments be not hurt and at the same time discipline was not compromised.<\/p>\n

In the year 2016, the Kerala High Court while deciding the case of Amnah Bint Basheer v. CBSE<\/em>, 2016 SCC OnLine Ker 41117,<\/a> addressed a matter wherein prescription of dress code for All India Pre-Medical Entrance Test-2016 was questioned by the parties who professed Islam.<\/p>\n

The ground on which the parties had challenged the dress code was the violation of the fundamental right as guaranteed under Article 25(1) of the Constitution of India.<\/p>\n

The parties urged the Court to examine religious freedom in the light of the constitutional scheme.<\/p>\n

Kerala High Court observed that,\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

The State cannot interfere with the practice of religious affairs which would obliterate his religious identity. The environment in which one has to live is determined by the patterns of the idea formed by his conscience subject to the restrictions as referred under Article 25(1).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Adding to the above observation, in this decision, the Bench also stated that it was open for the State to regulate or make laws consistent with the essential practice of religion. However, while making a regulation or a law, the true import of the essential practice shall not be supplanted.<\/p>\n

Petitioners case was that Shariah mandates women to wear the headscarf and full sleeve dress and therefore, any prescription contrary would be repugnant to the protection of the religious freedom.<\/p>\n

\n

\u201c..the analysis of the Quranic injunctions and the Hadiths would show that it is a farz to cover the head and wear the long sleeved dress except face part and exposing the body otherwise is forbidden (haram). When farz is violated by any action opposite to farz that action becomes forbidden (haram).\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201cThe right of women to have the choice of dress based on religious injunctions is a fundamental right protected under Article 25(1), when such prescription of dress is an essential part of the religion.\u201d<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Giving significance to the Board\u2019s attempt of ensuring transparency and credibility of examinations, Court stated that to harmoniously accommodate the competing interest without there being any conflict or repugnancy. The interest of the Board can be safeguarded by allowing the invigilator to frisk such candidates including by removing scarf. However, safeguard has to be ensured that this must be done honouring the religious sentiments of the candidates.<\/em><\/p>\n

In 2018, Kerala High Court in Fathima Thasneem v. State of Kerala<\/em>,\u00a02018 SCC OnLine Ker 5267<\/a>, while addressing the petition filed by Muslim girl students with the plea to be allowed to wear the headscarf as well as full sleeve shirt which was inconsistent with the prescribed dress code by the school they were studying in, observed that as one has the liberty to follow its own notions and convictions in regard to the dress code, in the same manner, a private entity also has the Fundamental Right to manage and administer its institution.<\/p>\n

Justice A. Muhamed Mustaque while referring to the decision of Amnah Bint Basheer v. CBSE<\/em>, 2016 SCC OnLine Ker 41117,<\/a> stated that it is the Fundamental Right of the petitioners to choose the dress of their own choice.<\/p>\n

Further, the Court held that it had to balance rights to uphold the interest of the dominant rather than the subservient interest and in the facts, in hand, the management of the institution was the dominant interest.<\/p>\n

\n

\u201cWhere there is priority of interest, individual interest must yield to the larger interest. That is the essence of liberty.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Hence the Kerala High Court held that the Muslim girl students could seek the imposition of their individual rights as against the larger right of the institution. Therefore, it was for the institution to decide whether the petitioners could be permitted to attend the classes with the headscarf and full sleeve shirt.<\/p>\n

\n

Presently the Karnataka High Court<\/a> has been dealing with a somewhat similar situation, wherein the challenge was with regard to the insistence of certain educational institutions that no girl students shall wear the hijab (headscarf) whilst in the classrooms.<\/p>\n

On 10-2-2022, the High Court on being pained by the agitations and closure of educational institutions expressed that<\/p>\n

\n

\u201c\u2026ours is a country of plural cultures, religions & languages. Being a secular State, it does not identify itself with any religion as its own. Every citizen has the right to profess & practise any faith of choice, is true.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

The Bench of Ritu Raj Awasthi, CJ and Krishna S Dixit and JM Khazi, JJ., temporarily restrained all the students regardless of their religion or faith from wearing saffron shawls (Bhagwa), scarfs, hijab, religious flags or the like within the classroom, until further orders.<\/p>\n

The proceedings in the said matter are still ongoing and the Court is yet to pronounce its decision on the matter.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In Nadha Raheem v. C.B.S.E,\u00a0 2015 SCC OnLine Ker 21660, Kerala High Court\u2019s Single Judge Bench in the year 2015 dealt with <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8808,"featured_media":261861,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,10],"tags":[32819,9881,3500,48614,28334,2523,29785,42834,48618,17111],"class_list":["post-261850","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-casebriefs","category-highcourts","tag-dress-code","tag-fundamental-right","tag-headscarf","tag-hijab-ban","tag-karnataka-high-court","tag-Kerala_High_Court","tag-law","tag-legal-news","tag-muslim-students","tag-religious-freedom"],"yoast_head":"\nTo Wear or Not to Wear? 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Muhamed Mustaque, J. dismissed a writ petition while giving a detailed analysis and clarity on dominant interest and subservient interest. The present petition was filed by girl students belonging to the Muslim community with their plea to be allowed to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":263690,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2022\/03\/15\/karnataka-high-court-to-pronounce-hijab-judgment-today\/","url_meta":{"origin":261850,"position":2},"title":"Hijab Case | Karnataka High Court to pronounce Judgment today | Whether wearing of Hijab an essential religious practise of Islam?","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"March 15, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"A Full Bench of the Karnataka High Court will pronounce the Hijab Verdict today. Crux of the matter was, the insistence of certain educational institutions that no girl students shall wear the hijab (headscarf) whilst in the classrooms. Let's see what the Bench expressed through the interim order on 10-2-2022\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Hot Off The Press"","block_context":{"text":"Hot Off The Press","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/news\/hot_off_the_press\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Hijab.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Hijab.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Hijab.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Hijab.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Hijab.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":261928,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2022\/02\/18\/what-bombay-high-court-held-when-a-muslim-girl-raised-the-issue-that-asking-her-not-to-wear-a-headscarf-in-school-violates-her-fundamental-right-under-article-25-of-the-constitution\/","url_meta":{"origin":261850,"position":3},"title":"Did You Know? What Bombay High Court held when a Muslim girl raised the issue that asking her not to wear a \u201cheadscarf\u201d in school violates her fundamental right under Article 25 of the Constitution of India?","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"February 18, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"In continuation to analyse a few cases wherein the issue of \"headscarf\" was touched upon by the Courts, today let's see what the Bombay High Court said on the wearing of \"headscarf\" by Muslim girl students. Bombay High Court in Fathema Hussain Sayed v. Bharat Education Society, 2002 SCC OnLine\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Bombay_Hijab.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Bombay_Hijab.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Bombay_Hijab.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Bombay_Hijab.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Bombay_Hijab.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":262028,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2022\/02\/19\/whether-prohibition-of-purdah-is-an-infringement-of-constitutional-right\/","url_meta":{"origin":261850,"position":4},"title":"Whether prohibition of \u2018purdah\u2019 is an infringement of constitutional right? What the Supreme Court of Kuala Lumpur (Federal Court of Malaysia) decided","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"February 19, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Another one to read, from the Foreign Court, now 6 days have passed in a very interesting matter wherein a question arose in Karnataka High Court on the wearing of \u201cheadscarf\u201d from a Government Order, let's read this decision from the year 1994, where a government official was asked not\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Purdah.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Purdah.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Purdah.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Purdah.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Purdah.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":6133,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2015\/06\/11\/denial-of-job-to-muslim-woman-for-wearing-headscarf-held-improper\/","url_meta":{"origin":261850,"position":5},"title":"Denial of job to Muslim woman for wearing headscarf, held improper","author":"Sucheta","date":"June 11, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"Supreme Court of United States- In the instant case, where a Muslim woman was denied a job because the headscarf that she wore pursuant to her reli\u00adgious obligations conflicted with the respondent\u2019s employee dress policy, the Court with a majority of 8:1 reversed the Tenth Cir\u00adcuit decision awarding the respondent\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Foreign Courts"","block_context":{"text":"Foreign Courts","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/foreigncourts\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/scc-blog_Page_9.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/scc-blog_Page_9.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/scc-blog_Page_9.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/scc-blog_Page_9.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/scc-blog_Page_9.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/261850","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8808"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=261850"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/261850\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/261861"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=261850"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=261850"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=261850"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}