{"id":259046,"date":"2021-12-24T14:00:53","date_gmt":"2021-12-24T08:30:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=259046"},"modified":"2021-12-24T17:13:33","modified_gmt":"2021-12-24T11:43:33","slug":"residential-status-of-a-company-under-the-income-tax-act","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/12\/24\/residential-status-of-a-company-under-the-income-tax-act\/","title":{"rendered":"Residential Status of a Company under the Income Tax Act, 1961"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. Introduction<\/span><\/h3>\n

The OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital provides that there are two principles based on which the countries across levy taxes \u2013 the source of income and the residential status of the taxpayer.[1]<\/a> The former principle provides that an income earned by a person can be taxed in a country solely based on a connection between the said country and the source of income generation.[2]<\/a> The latter principle provides that regardless of where the income is earned by a person, it can be taxed by a country if the said person is a resident of the said country.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

Most countries levy taxes based on both the source of the income as well as the residential status of the taxpayer. Thus, a resident is taxed on both domestic and foreign sources of income, whereas a non-resident is only taxed on domestic sources of income.[4]<\/a> However, at times situations of double taxation arise when a company is taxed in both its resident State as well as the contracting State.[5]<\/a> Therefore, Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs) not only help in providing double taxation reliefs but also prevent the obstruction of trade\/investment\/capital.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

This paper primarily aims to analyse the importance of the residential status of a company under the Income Tax Act, 1961. To do so, it explains the shift from the \u201ccontrol and management test\u201d to the \u201cplace of effective management\u201d test (also called the \u201ctie-breaker test\u201d under the DTAAs) to determine the residential status of a company under Section 6(3) of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Further, the paper analyses how companies that are non-resident in India are taxed in India if they have a \u201cpermanent establishment\u201d in India. Lastly, the paper analyses the clarifications issued by the OECD Secretariat on the impact of Covid-19 on the residential status of a company.<\/p>\n

2. Place of effective management (POEM)<\/span><\/h3>\n

2.1. Prior to the 2015 Amendments<\/span><\/h4>\n

Prior to the amendments set forth by the Finance Bill, 2015.\u2014 Section 6(3) of the Income Tax Act, 19617<\/a> provided that a company shall be deemed to resident in India in the immediately preceding year if either of the two conditions is satisfied:<\/p>\n

(1) it must be an Indian company; or<\/p>\n

(2) the \u201ccontrol and management\u201d of its affairs are wholly inside India in that particular year.8<\/a><\/p>\n

In Radha Rani Holdings (P) Ltd. <\/em>v. Director of Income Tax<\/em>9<\/a>,the issue before the Tribunal was whether \u201ccontrol and management\u201d of the affairs of a company incorporated in Singapore were wholly inside India under Section 6(3) of the Income Tax Act, 1961. The Tribunal made the following observations:<\/p>\n

(1) \u201cControl and management\u201d of the affairs of a company must be central \u201ccontrol and management\u201d and not daily activities\/businesses. What matter is where the control and direction power lies as well as where \u201cthe head and the brain\u201d of the company is situated.10<\/a><\/p>\n

(2) Majority shareholding in the company does not imply powers of \u201ccontrol and management\u201d and does not determine residence.11<\/a><\/p>\n

(3) The situs of the key board meeting (i.e. Singapore) was relevant and therefore, the company was a non-resident is India. Moreover, the tax residence certificate obtained by the company by Singapore taxation bodies was enough for material evidence to show that the company was a non-resident in India.12<\/a><\/p>\n

(4) Thus, the control and direction power as well as \u201cthe head and the brain\u201d of the company are situated at the place where the key meetings of the board of the directors of the company are held.13<\/a> It is immaterial whether the company trades its good\/services at that place itself or not.14<\/a><\/p>\n

2.2. Post the 2015 Amendments<\/span><\/h4>\n

Post amendments set forth by the Finance Bill 2015.\u2014 Section 6(3) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 provided that a company shall be deemed to resident in India in the immediately preceding year if either of the two conditions is satisfied:<\/p>\n

(1) it must be an Indian company; or<\/p>\n

\u00a0(2)the \u201cplace of effective management\u201d of its affairs are inside India in that particular year.15<\/a><\/p>\n

Furthermore, the Explanation is added to Section 6(3) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 and it defines a \u201cplace of effective management\u201d as one where the key management and commercial decisions, necessary for the conducting the business of the company, are made in substance.16<\/a> This definition resembles the one given under Article 4 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital which states that there may be various places of management of a company\u2019s affairs but there is only one place of \u201ceffective\u201d management.17<\/a><\/p>\n

Thus, to determine POEM, the following elements must be established:<\/p>\n

(i<\/em>) there must be a \u201cplace\u201d;<\/p>\n

(ii<\/em>) the \u201ckey management and commercial decisions\u201d, are made in that place;<\/p>\n

(iii<\/em>) these decisions must be \u201cnecessary for conducting the business of the company\u201d; and<\/p>\n

(iv<\/em>) these decisions must be made in \u201csubstance\u201d in that place.18<\/a><\/p>\n

Effective from assessment year 2017-2018, the amendments only led to a change in determining the residential status of a foreign company, whereas there is no change in determining the residential status of an Indian company.19<\/a> Moreover, it is imperative that POEM is determined separately for each year i.e. the test is conducted every year and POEM is determined in context to the immediately preceding year.20<\/a><\/p>\n

The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), along with various other notifications, released Circular No. 6 on 24-1-201721<\/a> and Circular No. 8 on 23-2-201722<\/a>, giving out rules\/guidelines for the determination of POEM.23<\/a> Some of the key rules\/guidelines are:<\/p>\n

(i<\/em>) If a foreign company is deemed to be a resident in India, its income must be computed as per Section 115-JH of the Income Tax Act, 196124<\/a>.25<\/a><\/p>\n

(ii<\/em>) Section 6(3)(ii<\/em>) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 does not apply to a company whose turnover\/gross receipts is Rs 50 crores\/less in that particular financial year.26<\/a><\/p>\n

(iii<\/em>) POEM must be determined in accordance to whether or not the company has an \u201cactive business outside India\u201d (ABOI).27<\/a><\/p>\n

To understand the method of ABOI, two factors are considered:<\/p>\n

(1) company is engaged in ABOI; and<\/p>\n

(2) company is not engaged in ABOI.28<\/a><\/p>\n

A company is said to be engaged in ABOI only if:<\/p>\n

(1) the passive income not more than 50% of the total income of the company;<\/p>\n

(2) less than 50% of the assets of the company are inside India;<\/p>\n

(3) less than 50% of the number of employees of the company are either located inside India\/residents in India; and<\/p>\n

(4) the payroll expenses made on such employees is less 50% of the total payroll expenses of the company.29<\/a><\/p>\n

If these conditions are not satisfied, then the company is said to not be engaged in ABOI.30<\/a><\/p>\n

First, if the company is said to be engaged in ABOI, the company\u2019s POEM will be outside India if the meetings of the board of the directors of the company, in majority, are also held outside India.31<\/a> However, the company\u2019s POEM will be inside India if the powers of management of the company\u2019s affairs are being exercised by either a holding company or any other person resident in India (and not its board of directors).32<\/a><\/p>\n

Second, if the company is said to not be engaged in ABOI, a two-stage process is followed. First, the person(s) who makes the key management and commercial decisions, necessary for the conducting the business of the company as a whole, is identified.33<\/a> Second, the place where such decisions are made by person(s) will be determined.34<\/a> While the former stage is extremely necessary too, the latter stage is more important.35<\/a><\/p>\n

In a nutshell, prior to the amendment, various foreign companies were not deemed to be resident in India solely because the \u201ccontrol and management\u201d of the affairs of such a company was partly outside India. Thus, the \u201ccontrol and management\u201d test was replaced by the \u201cplace of effective management\u201d test (POEM).36<\/a> The primary object behind POEM is to tax the shell companies located outside India which were being exempted from paying the said taxes due to their supposed residential status.37<\/a> Moreover, under most Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs), POEM is considered to be a \u201ctie-breaker\u201d test to determine the residential status of a company.38<\/a><\/p>\n

3. Permanent establishment<\/span><\/h3>\n

A \u201cpermanent establishment\u201d, like a business connection, requires that a company in one contracting State also has a physical presence in another contracting state. In other words, the objective behind the notion of a \u201cpermanent establishment\u201d is to determine whether one contracting state has the right to tax the profits\/income of a company of (i.e. resident in) another contracting State.39<\/a> In other words, the notion of a \u201cpermanent establishment\u201d can lead to a company, non-resident in India, to be taxed by the Indian authorities.<\/p>\n

3.1. Fixed place permanent establishment<\/span><\/h4>\n

Article 5 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital provides for what constitutes a \u201cpermanent establishment\u201d.40<\/a> Article 5(1) of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital defines a \u201cfixed place permanent establishment\u201d as \u201ca fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on\u201d.41<\/a> Thus, to constitute a \u201cfixed place permanent establishment\u201d, the following attributes must be established:<\/p>\n

(i<\/em>) There should be a place of business i.e. any premises, facilities, installations, equipment\/machinery, etc., regardless of whether they are owned\/rented or not.42<\/a><\/p>\n

(ii<\/em>) The place of business must be fixed i.e. the place of business must be established at a distinct place with a certain level of permanence.43<\/a><\/p>\n

(iii<\/em>) \u201cAt the disposal\u201d test must be satisfied i.e. the fixed place of business must be at the disposal of the company. For this test, three elements are considered:<\/p>\n

(1) whether company has an effective power to use such fixed place of business;<\/p>\n

(2) the extent of the presence of the company; and<\/p>\n

(3) the nature of activities performed by the company at such fixed place of business.44<\/a><\/p>\n

In Formula One World Championship Ltd. <\/em>v. CIT<\/em>45<\/a>, one of the most significant cases, the Supreme Court had to determine whether a UK tax resident constituted a \u201cfixed place permanent establishment\u201d in India under Article 5 of the India-UK Tax Treaty.46<\/a> To understand the how the Supreme Court reached its decision47<\/a>, it is imperative to analyse the case in depth.<\/p>\n

Formula One World Championship Ltd. (FOWC) was incorporated as per the UK Laws and is also a tax resident in the UK Federation Internationale de l\u2019Automobile (FIA), the regulatory body for international motor sports events owned all commercial rights in the FIA Formula One World Championship (i.e. the F-1 Championship).48<\/a> These commercial rights were initially transferred in favour of Formula One Asset Management Ltd. (FOAM). FOWC had entered into various agreements with FIA and FOAM.49<\/a> Under these agreements, all commercial rights in the FIA Formula One World Championship were transferred in favour of FOWC for a period of 100 years starting from 1-1-2011, thereby making FOWC a commercial rights-holder (CRH) in the FIA Formula One World Championship.50<\/a><\/p>\n

Thereafter, Jaypee Sports International Ltd. (Jaypee) was inclined to acquire the rights for hosting, staging as well as promoting the event of F-1 Grand Prix of India.51<\/a> Thus, Jaypee entered into an agreement i.e. the Race Promotion Contract (RPC) with FOWC on 13-9-2011. Under the RPC, FOWC granted the rights to host, stage as well as promote the event of F-1 Grand Prix of India in favour of Jaypee for a consideration of 40 million USD.52<\/a> Further, upon the conditions set forth in RPC, Jaypee also entered into various agreements with Allsport Management SA, Beta Prema 2 Ltd., and Formula One Management Ltd. (FOM), affiliates of FOWC. Therefore, F-1 races were conducted in India in 2011, 2012 and 2013.53<\/a><\/p>\n

Both FOWC and Jaypee approached the Authority for Advance Rulings (AAR) to seek a clarification upon whether FOWC is liable to be taxed under the Income Tax Act, 1961. The AAR held that given the facts and circumstances of the case at hand, FOWC did not constitute a \u201cpermanent establishment\u201d in India and the consideration of 40 million USD paid by Jaypee to FOWC would be taxable as \u201croyalty\u201d under the Income Tax Act, 1961.54<\/a> Aggrieved by this decision, FOWC and Jaypee appealed to the High Court of Delhi. The High Court of Delhi reversed and overturned the decision of the AAR. It was held that FOWC constituted a \u201cpermanent establishment\u201d in India and the consideration of 40 million USD paid by Jaypee to FOWC cannot be taxable as \u201croyalty\u201d under the Income Tax Act, 1961.55<\/a><\/p>\n

Aggrieved by this decision of the High Court of Delhi56<\/a>, FOWC and Jaypee further approached the Supreme Court. The issues before the Supreme Court were whether FOWC constituted a \u201cpermanent establishment\u201d under Article 5 of the India-UK Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA), and accordingly, whether the consideration paid by Jaypee to FOWC would be taxable in India.57<\/a><\/p>\n

To address the aforementioned issues, the Supreme Court made the following observations:<\/p>\n

(1) The Buddh International Circuit has been used to conduct various races, including the F-1 Grand Prix. Therefore, there were economic\/business activities being undertaken at the Buddh International Circuit, and therefore, it was a place of business<\/em>.58<\/a><\/p>\n

(2) The Buddh International Circuit could not be used for any other event\/activities at the time of the F-1 Grand Prix. Moreover, FOWC had permanent access to the Buddh International Circuit at the time of the F-1 Grand Prix, irrespective of the duration of such permanence. Therefore, Buddh International Circuit is not merely a place of business but is a fixed placed of business<\/em>.59<\/a><\/p>\n

(3) Even if FOWC\u2019s permanent access was for merely 3 days, such an access was full and exclusive. Moreover, although Jaypee was the promoter of the F-1 Grand Prix, the powers\/rights exercised by it were limited and were subjected to the controlling powers and approvals of FOWC. Thus, since FOWC performed all the key activities had full and exclusive access, as well as effective controlling\/decision-making powers, the \u201cat the disposal\u201d test stands satisfied<\/em>.60<\/a><\/p>\n

Thus, the Supreme Court held that the Buddh International Circuit was a \u201cfixed place permanent establishment\u201d of FOWC and therefore, the income\/profits generated by FOWC will be taxable under the Income Tax Act, 1961 regardless of the duration of the control over the \u201cfixed place\u201d as well as the fact that FOCW is non-resident in India.61<\/a><\/p>\n

3.2. Construction permanent establishment<\/span><\/h4>\n

On one hand, Article 5(3) of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital provides that to constitute a \u201cconstruction permanent establishment\u201d, a building site, installation or construction project must last for more than 12 months.62<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cBuilding site, installation or construction project\u201d not only includes the construction of buildings but also includes construction of roads\/canals\/bridges, renovation\/maintenance of buildings\/roads\/canals\/bridges, etc.63<\/a>Further, to calculate the 12-month period, a site begins to exist from the day the work is started and ceases to exist once the work is completed or is permanently abandoned.64<\/a>Most importantly, a site will not cease to exist if the work is temporarily disrupted which can be due to seasonal\/other reasons.65<\/a> Further, this12-month period is applicable to individual sites\/projects and the time previously spent on other sites\/projects (which are not connected to the current site\/project) should not be taken into consideration.66<\/a><\/p>\n

On the other hand, Article 5(3)(a<\/em>) of the UN Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries provides that to constitute a \u201cconstruction permanent establishment\u201d, a building site, installation or construction project must last for more than 6 months.67<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a03.3. Agency permanent establishment<\/span><\/h4>\n

Article 5(5) of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital provides that an \u201cagency permanent establishment\u201d is constituted if a person is acting on behalf of the company, and the said person habitually concludes the company\u2019s contracts or has an authority to conclude contracts in the name of the company in the contracting State.68<\/a><\/p>\n

A person, whose activities create an \u201cagency permanent establishment\u201d, is deemed to be a \u201cdependent agent\u201d.69<\/a> Such dependent agents can be a company\/individual and neither requires to not a place of business in the contracting State nor requires to be a resident of the contracting State.70<\/a><\/p>\n

The so-called authority to conclude contracts in the name of the company not only includes the authority to conclude contracts made literally in the name of the company but also includes the authority to conclude contracts that are binding on the company, regardless of whether they are literally in the name of the company or not.71<\/a> Moreover, such an authority must be used to conclude contracts which deal the proper business operations of the company.72<\/a><\/p>\n

Lastly, it is necessary that the dependent agent \u201chabitually\u201d makes use of the said authority to constitute an \u201cagency permanent establishment\u201d. In other words, the said authority must not merely be transitory in nature.73<\/a><\/p>\n

4. OECD\u2019s clarifications on the impact of Covid-19<\/span><\/h3>\n

Covid-19 has not only created a lot of chaos across the world but has also led the authorities of various countries to take unprecedented measures \u2013 most importantly the travel restrictions and quarantine requirements. Such measures have, therefore, directly impacted cross-border workers\/employees who are unable to perform their duties\/work physically in the country of their employment.74<\/a> This unprecedented situation, further raised taxation issues because these cross-border workers\/employees were stranded in countries that they were not residents in.75<\/a> Therefore, OECD Secretariat issued certain clarifications under the provisions of the international tax treaties to determine the impact of Covid-19 on the residential status of companies.76<\/a><\/p>\n

4.1.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Place of effective management<\/span><\/h4>\n

Due to Covid-19 restrictions\/government directives, there may be dislocation of Directors and\/or Chief Executive Officers of various foreign companies, thereby leading to the change in the location where the key managerial decisions are made.77<\/a> Therefore, the \u201cplace of effective management\u201d of a foreign company may be considered to be in India, thereby making the foreign company to be a resident in India. Such a situation will not only lead to unnecessary tax liabilities upon the foreign companies but will also create the problem of dual residency.78<\/a><\/p>\n

However, the OECD Secretariat has issued clarifications provide that a temporary dislocation of the Directors and\/or Chief Executive Officers of various foreign companies, due to Covid-19 restrictions\/government directives, should not change the residential status of foreign companies, especially if the tie-breaker rules are applied.79<\/a><\/p>\n

4.2.\u00a0 Permanent establishment<\/span><\/h4>\n

Covid-19 may impact the residential status of a company as its workers\/employees may be dislocated to countries other than the one where the work happens or where the company is resident.80<\/a>Such a situation may seem to create a \u201cpermanent establishment\u201d of the company in the countries where the workers\/employees are dislocated, thereby leading to a tax liability.81<\/a> However, the OECD Secretariat has issued the following clarifications to show that Covid-19 may not impact the residential status of a company:<\/p>\n

\u00a04.2.1.\u00a0 Fixed place permanent establishment<\/span><\/h4>\n

As shown above, to constitute a \u201cfixed place permanent establishment\u201d, it is necessary that there is a certain level of permanence and to be at the disposal of the company.82<\/a> However, if the company\u2019s business is partly carried on at an \u201chome office\u201d of the worker\/employee due to Covid restrictions\/government directives, it cannot be said to be at the disposal of the company because merely one individual is using the said office.83<\/a> Moreover, it is clarified that if the work done by the worker\/employee is not permanent i.e. is only happening at home due to Covid-19 restrictions\/government directives and will eventually end, it cannot be said to constitute a \u201cfixed place of business\u201d or a \u201cfixed place permanent establishment\u201d.84<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a04.2.2.\u00a0 Construction permanent establishment<\/span><\/h3>\n

As shown above, to constitute a \u201cconstruction permanent establishment\u201d, it is necessary that a building site, installation or construction project must last for more than 12 months under the OCED Model85<\/a> and 6 months under the UN Model86<\/a>. Moreover, as shown above, a site will not cease to exist if the work is temporarily disrupted. Therefore, even if the work is temporarily disrupted due to Covid-19 restrictions\/government directives, a \u201cconstruction permanent establishment\u201d can be established.87<\/a><\/p>\n

4.2.3.\u00a0 \u00a0Agency permanent establishment<\/span><\/h4>\n

As shown above, an \u201cagency permanent establishment\u201d is constituted if a person (a dependent agent) is acting on behalf of the company, and the said person habitually concludes the company\u2019s contracts or has an authority to conclude contracts in the name of the company in the contracting State.88<\/a> Due to Covid-19 restrictions\/government directives, a dependent agent of a non-resident company who is working from home could establish an \u201cagency permanent establishment\u201d.89<\/a> However, it is unlikely that a dependent agent\u2019s activities will be \u201chabitual\u201d by merely working from home in the contracting State for a temporary time period that too due to Covid-19 restrictions\/government directives.90<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a05.\u00a0 Conclusion<\/span><\/h3>\n

It can be seen that both the \u201cplace of effective management\u201d test as well as the \u201cconstruction permanent establishment\u201d play a very crucial role in determining the residential status of a company under the Income Tax Act, 1961, thereby leading to tax-related implications\/liabilities upon the company.<\/p>\n

It can also be seen that the pandemic caused by Covid-19 has caused several hardships\/difficulties for companies across the world. While the OECD Secretariat has issued clarifications on the impact of Covid-19 on the residential status of a company, the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT has only issued guidelines for the impact of Covid-19 on the residential status of individuals in India. There has not yet been any clarifications\/guidelines given on the impact of Covid-19 on the residential status of a company in India. Moreover, since India is not an OECD member country, there is no certainty about the application of the clarifications provided by the OECD Secretariat. In the absence of any such clarifications\/guidelines by the CBDT on the impact of Covid-19 on the residential status of a company in India, reliance can only be placed upon judicial precedents and the bare provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961, both of which are not enough for this unprecedented chaos created by Covid-19.<\/p>\n

To conclude, it is imperative to note that countries such as USA, UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, etc. have also issued clarifications\/guidelines on the relaxations\/reliefs on the residential status of companies due to Covid-19. Therefore, Indian authorities must also borrow from these clarifications\/guidelines and provide certainty to the companies with regards to their tax implications\/liabilities.<\/p>\n

\n

*<\/a>3rd year student, LLB, O.P. Jindal Global University. The author can be reached at paridhijainx@gmail.com.<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017 (Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017 (Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017 (Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017 (Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017 (Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017 (Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

7<\/a> Section 6(3), IT Act, 1961<\/a>.<\/p>\n

8<\/a>S. 6, Income Tax Act, 1961<\/a>; Kanga, Jamshedji B., and Nani A. Palkhivala,\u00a0The Law and Practice of Income Tax<\/em>, 11th Edn., LexisNexis, 2020.<\/p>\n

9<\/a>(2007) 110 TTJ (Del) 920.<\/p>\n

10<\/a>(2007) 110 TTJ (Del) 920.<\/p>\n

11<\/a>(2007) 110 TTJ (Del) 920.<\/p>\n

12<\/a>(2007) 110 TTJ (Del) 920.<\/p>\n

13<\/a>Narottam and Pereira Ltd. <\/em>v. CIT<\/em>, 1953 SCC OnLine Bom 142<\/a>; Bhimji Naik <\/em>v. CIT<\/em>, 1946 SCC OnLine Bom 82<\/a>.<\/p>\n

14<\/a>Egyptian Hotels Ltd. <\/em>v. James Mitchell<\/em>, (1914) 3 KB 118 (CA)<\/a>; Cesena Sulphur Co. Ltd. <\/em>v. Nicholson<\/em>, (1876) 1 TC 83 : (1876) 1 Ex D 428<\/a>.<\/p>\n

15<\/a>S. 6, Income Tax Act, 1961<\/a>; Kanga, Jamshedji B. and Nani A. Palkhivala,\u00a0The Law and Practice of Income Tax<\/em>, 11th Edn., LexisNexis, 2020.<\/p>\n

16<\/a>S. 6, Income Tax Act, 1961<\/a>; Kanga, Jamshedji B. and Nani A. Palkhivala,\u00a0The Law and Practice of Income Tax<\/em>, 11th Edn., LexisNexis, 2020.<\/p>\n

17<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017 (Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

18<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017 (Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

19<\/a>Kotha, Ashrita Prasad, Place of Effective Management Test in the Income Tax Act, 1961: Is it the Right Way Forward?,\u00a0NUJS L. Rev, 2015.<\/p>\n

20<\/a>Kotha, Ashrita Prasad, Place of Effective Management Test in the Income Tax Act, 1961: Is it the Right Way Forward?,\u00a0NUJS L. Rev, 2015.<\/p>\n

21<\/a>Circular No. 6 of 2017, January 24, 2017, 391 ITR (St.) 243.<\/p>\n

22<\/a>Circular No. 8 of 2017, February 23, 2017, 392 ITR (St.) 7.<\/p>\n

23<\/a>Kanga, Jamshedji B, and Nani A. Palkhivala,\u00a0The Law and Practice of Income Tax<\/em>, 11th Edn., LexisNexis, 2020; Kotha, Ashrita Prasad, Place of Effective Management Test in the Income Tax Act, 1961: Is it The Right Way Forward?,\u00a0NUJS L. Rev, 2015.<\/p>\n

24<\/a> Section 115-JH, IT Act, 1961<\/a>.<\/p>\n

25<\/a>Notification No. S.O. 3039(E), 22-6-2018<\/a>, 405 ITR (St.) 35.<\/p>\n

26<\/a>Circular No. 8 of 2017, 23-2-2017, 392 ITR (St.) 7.<\/p>\n

27<\/a>Circular No. 6 of 2017, 24-1-2017, 391 ITR (St.) 243.<\/p>\n

28<\/a>Circular No. 6 of 2017, 24-1-2017, 391 ITR (St.) 243.<\/p>\n

29<\/a>Circular No. 6 of 2017, 24-1-2017, 391 ITR (St.) 243.<\/p>\n

30<\/a>Kotha, Ashrita Prasad, Place of Effective Management Test in the Income Tax Act, 1961: Is it the Right Way Forward?,\u00a0NUJS L. Rev, 2015.<\/p>\n

31<\/a>Circular No. 6 of 2017, 24-1-2017, 391 ITR (St.) 243.<\/p>\n

32<\/a>Circular No. 6 of 2017, 24-1-2017, 391 ITR (St.) 243.<\/p>\n

33<\/a>Circular No. 6 of 2017, 24-1-2017, 391 ITR (St.) 243.<\/p>\n

34<\/a>Circular No. 6 of 2017, 24-1-2017, 391 ITR (St.) 243.<\/p>\n

35<\/a>Kanga, Jamshedji B. and Nani A. Palkhivala,\u00a0The Law and Practice of Income Tax<\/em>, 11th Edn., LexisNexis, 2020.<\/p>\n

36<\/a>Kanga, Jamshedji B. and Nani A. Palkhivala,\u00a0The Law and Practice of Income Tax<\/em>, 11th Edn., LexisNexis, 2020.<\/p>\n

37<\/a>Kotha, Ashrita Prasad, Place of Effective Management Test in the Income Tax Act, 1961: Is it the Right Way Forward?,\u00a0NUJS L. Rev, 2015.<\/p>\n

38<\/a>Kanga, Jamshedji B. and Nani A. Palkhivala,\u00a0The Law and Practice of Income Tax<\/em>, 11th Edn., LexisNexis, 2020.<\/p>\n

39<\/a>Commentaries on the Articles of the Model Tax Convention, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/berlin\/publikationen\/43324465.pdf>.<\/p>\n

40<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017 (Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

41<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017 (Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

42<\/a>Commentaries on the Articles of the Model Tax Convention, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/berlin\/publikationen\/43324465.pdf>.<\/p>\n

43<\/a>Commentaries on the Articles of the Model Tax Convention, <https:\/\/www.oecd.ortg\/berlin\/publikationen\/43324465.pdf>.<\/p>\n

44<\/a>Commentaries on the Articles of the Model Tax Convention, <https:\/\/www.oecd.ortg\/berlin\/publikationen\/43324465.pdf>.<\/p>\n

45<\/a>(2017) 15 SCC 602<\/a>.<\/p>\n

46<\/a>Formula One World Championship Ltd<\/em>. v. CIT<\/em>, (2017) 15 SCC 602<\/a>.<\/p>\n

47<\/a>Formula One World Championship Ltd<\/em>. v. CIT<\/em>, (2017) 15 SCC 602<\/a>.<\/p>\n

48<\/a>Formula One World Championship Ltd<\/em>. v. CIT<\/em>, (2017) 15 SCC 602<\/a>.<\/p>\n

49<\/a>Formula One World Championship Ltd<\/em>. v. CIT<\/em>, (2017) 15 SCC 602<\/a>.<\/p>\n

50<\/a>Formula One World Championship Ltd<\/em>. v. CIT<\/em>, (2017) 15 SCC 602<\/a>.<\/p>\n

51<\/a>Formula One World Championship Ltd<\/em>. v. CIT<\/em>, (2017) 15 SCC 602<\/a>.<\/p>\n

52<\/a>Formula One World Championship Ltd<\/em>. v. CIT<\/em>, (2017) 15 SCC 602<\/a>.<\/p>\n

53<\/a>Formula One World Championship Ltd<\/em>. v. CIT<\/em>, (2017) 15 SCC 602<\/a>.<\/p>\n

54<\/a>Formula One World Championship Ltd<\/em>. v. CIT<\/em>, (2017) 15 SCC 602<\/a>.<\/p>\n

55<\/a>Formula One World Championship Ltd<\/em>. v. CIT<\/em>, (2017) 15 SCC 602<\/a>.<\/p>\n

56<\/a>Formula One World Championship Ltd<\/em>. v. CIT<\/em>, 2016 SCC OnLine Del 6144<\/a>.<\/p>\n

57<\/a>Formula One World Championship Ltd<\/em>. v. CIT<\/em>, (2017) 15 SCC 602<\/a>.<\/p>\n

58<\/a>Formula One World Championship Ltd<\/em>. v. CIT<\/em>, (2017) 15 SCC 602<\/a>.<\/p>\n

59<\/a>Formula One World Championship Ltd<\/em>. v. CIT<\/em>, (2017) 15 SCC 602<\/a>.<\/p>\n

60<\/a>Formula One World Championship Ltd<\/em>. v. CIT<\/em>, (2017) 15 SCC 602<\/a>.<\/p>\n

61<\/a>Formula One World Championship Ltd<\/em>. v. CIT<\/em>, (2017) 15 SCC 602<\/a>.<\/p>\n

62<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017<\/em> (Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

63<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017<\/em> (Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

64<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017<\/em> (Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

65<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017<\/em> (Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

66<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017<\/em> (Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

67<\/a>UN Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries, United Nations, 2017.<\/p>\n

68<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017 (Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

69<\/a>Commentaries on the Articles of the Model Tax Convention, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/berlin\/publikationen\/43324465.pdf>.<\/p>\n

70<\/a>Commentaries on the Articles of the Model Tax Convention, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/berlin\/publikationen\/43324465.pdf>.<\/p>\n

71<\/a>Commentaries on the Articles of the Model Tax Convention, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/berlin\/publikationen\/43324465.pdf>.<\/p>\n

72<\/a>Commentaries on the Articles of the Model Tax Convention, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/berlin\/publikationen\/43324465.pdf>.<\/p>\n

73<\/a>Commentaries on the Articles of the Model Tax Convention, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/berlin\/publikationen\/43324465.pdf>.<\/p>\n

74<\/a>OECD Secretariat Analysis of Tax Treaties and the Impact of the Covid-19 Crisis, OECD, 2020, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/oecd-secretariat-analysis-of-tax-treaties-and-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-crisis-947dcb01\/>.<\/p>\n

75<\/a>OECD Secretariat Analysis of Tax Treaties and the Impact of the Covid-19 Crisis, OECD, 2020, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/oecd-secretariat-analysis-of-tax-treaties-and-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-crisis-947dcb01\/>.<\/p>\n

76<\/a>OECD Secretariat Analysis of Tax Treaties and the Impact of the Covid-19 Crisis, OECD, 2020, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/oecd-secretariat-analysis-of-tax-treaties-and-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-crisis-947dcb01\/>.<\/p>\n

77<\/a>OECD Secretariat Analysis of Tax Treaties and the Impact of the Covid-19 Crisis, OECD, 2020, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/oecd-secretariat-analysis-of-tax-treaties-and-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-crisis-947dcb01\/>.<\/p>\n

78<\/a>OECD Secretariat Analysis of Tax Treaties and the Impact of the Covid-19 Crisis, OECD, 2020, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/oecd-secretariat-analysis-of-tax-treaties-and-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-crisis-947dcb01\/>.<\/p>\n

79<\/a>OECD Secretariat Analysis of Tax Treaties and the Impact of the Covid-19 Crisis, OECD, 2020, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/oecd-secretariat-analysis-of-tax-treaties-and-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-crisis-947dcb01\/>.<\/p>\n

80<\/a>OECD Secretariat Analysis of Tax Treaties and the Impact of the Covid-19 Crisis, OECD, 2020, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/oecd-secretariat-analysis-of-tax-treaties-and-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-crisis-947dcb01\/>.<\/p>\n

81<\/a>OECD Secretariat Analysis of Tax Treaties and the Impact of the Covid-19 Crisis, OECD, 2020, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/oecd-secretariat-analysis-of-tax-treaties-and-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-crisis-947dcb01\/>.<\/p>\n

82<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017 <\/em>(Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

83<\/a>OECD Secretariat Analysis of Tax Treaties and the Impact of the Covid-19 Crisis, OECD, 2020, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/oecd-secretariat-analysis-of-tax-treaties-and-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-crisis-947dcb01\/>.<\/p>\n

84<\/a>OECD Secretariat Analysis of Tax Treaties and the Impact of the Covid-19 Crisis, OECD, 2020, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/oecd-secretariat-analysis-of-tax-treaties-and-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-crisis-947dcb01\/>.<\/p>\n

85<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017 (Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

86<\/a>UN Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries, United Nations, 2017.<\/p>\n

87<\/a>OECD Secretariat Analysis of Tax Treaties and the Impact of the Covid-19 Crisis, OECD, 2020, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/oecd-secretariat-analysis-of-tax-treaties-and-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-crisis-947dcb01\/>.<\/p>\n

88<\/a>Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2017 (Full Version), OECD Publishing, 2019.<\/p>\n

89<\/a>OECD Secretariat Analysis of Tax Treaties and the Impact of the Covid-19 Crisis, OECD, 2020, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/oecd-secretariat-analysis-of-tax-treaties-and-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-crisis-947dcb01\/>.<\/p>\n

90<\/a>OECD Secretariat Analysis of Tax Treaties and the Impact of the Covid-19 Crisis, OECD, 2020, <https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/oecd-secretariat-analysis-of-tax-treaties-and-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-crisis-947dcb01\/>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

by Paridhi Jain*<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67011,"featured_media":259047,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[42503,1191],"tags":[38561,2592,29785,42834,16461,48156],"class_list":["post-259046","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-legal-analysis","category-op-ed","tag-capital","tag-Income_Tax","tag-law","tag-legal-news","tag-permanent-establishment","tag-residential-status"],"yoast_head":"\nResidential Status of a Company under the Income Tax Act, 1961 | SCC Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Residential Status of a Company under the Income Tax Act\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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2022","format":false,"excerpt":"On 4th April, 2022, Central Board of Direct Taxes notified amendment to Income Tax Rules,1961 through Income-tax (6th Amendment), Rules, 2022. This amendment aims to tax incomes from retirement benefit account from 1st April, 2022. \u00a0 Key Points: Rule 21-AAA has been inserted in Income Tax Rules, 1961 to tax\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Legislation Updates"","block_context":{"text":"Legislation Updates","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/legislationupdates\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"CBDT","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/MicrosoftTeams-image-159-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/MicrosoftTeams-image-159-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/MicrosoftTeams-image-159-1.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/MicrosoftTeams-image-159-1.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/MicrosoftTeams-image-159-1.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":241073,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2020\/12\/22\/itat-legal-fees-paid-to-a-partnership-firm-of-lawyers-can-indeed-be-subjected-to-levy-of-tax-under-art-12-of-indo-japanese-tax-treaty-foreign-tax-credit-allowed-under-the-treaty\/","url_meta":{"origin":259046,"position":3},"title":"ITAT | “Legal fees paid to a partnership firm of lawyers can indeed be subjected to levy of tax under Art. 12 of Indo-Japanese Tax Treaty”; Foreign Tax Credit allowed under the treaty","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"December 22, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT), Mumbai:\u00a0The Bench of Pramod Kumar (Vice President) and Pavan Kumar Gadale (Judicial Member) allows Foreign Tax Credit to Amarchand & Mangaldas under Indo-Japanese Tax Treaty. The issue in the instant matter was: \"Whether or not the authorities below were justified in declining tax credit under\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Income Tax Appellate Tribunal","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/ITAT.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/ITAT.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/ITAT.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/ITAT.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/ITAT.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":245750,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/03\/18\/residential-status-of-certain-individuals-under-income-tax-act-1961-relaxation-provided-against-double-taxation\/","url_meta":{"origin":259046,"position":4},"title":"Residential status of certain individuals under Income-tax Act, 1961, relaxation provided against double taxation","author":"Prachi Bhardwaj","date":"March 18, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"The Ministry of Finance has issued a Circular[1] dated 03.03.2021 providing relaxation to certain individuals with respect to their residential status under Income Tax Act, 1961 (the Act) for the previous year, due to Covid-19. The provisions for determination of residency of a person are stated in Section 6 of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Legislation Updates"","block_context":{"text":"Legislation Updates","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/legislationupdates\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-14.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-14.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-14.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-14.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-14.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":199002,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2018\/07\/25\/cbdt-amends-income-tax-advance-ruling-forms-seeks-unique-number-for-identification-of-non-resident\/","url_meta":{"origin":259046,"position":5},"title":"CBDT amends income tax advance ruling forms, seeks unique number for identification of non-resident","author":"Saba","date":"July 25, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"G.S.R. 647(E).- In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 295 read with sub-section (1) of Section 245Q of the Income Tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961), the Central Board of Direct Taxes hereby makes the following rules further to amend the Income Tax Rules, 1962, namely: 1. Short title\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Legislation Updates"","block_context":{"text":"Legislation Updates","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/legislationupdates\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/income-tax.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/income-tax.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/income-tax.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/income-tax.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/income-tax.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/259046","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/67011"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=259046"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/259046\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/259047"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=259046"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=259046"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=259046"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}