{"id":253372,"date":"2021-08-27T18:00:57","date_gmt":"2021-08-27T12:30:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=253372"},"modified":"2021-09-03T10:39:02","modified_gmt":"2021-09-03T05:09:02","slug":"deficiency-in-criminal-trial","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/08\/27\/deficiency-in-criminal-trial\/","title":{"rendered":"Idiosyncrasies of colloquial terms, used for naming accused, could well be the difference between his conviction and acquittal: Supreme Court"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Supreme Court:<\/strong> A Division Bench of Sanjay Kishan Kaul and Hrishikesh Roy, JJ. took the liberty of disagreeing with one of the most famous lines penned down by the Bard of Avon (William Shakespeare), to suggest that &#8220;<em>Much indeed is in a name<\/em>&#8220;. The Supreme Court reiterated the necessity of referring to guidelines regarding inadequacies and deficiencies in criminal trials. The Court also took note of the Draft Rules of Criminal Practice, 2021 which dictate the manner in which depositions must be translated. The Court observed that:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">&#8220;The practice of translating any relevant document must not differ so significantly across forums and submissions by parties to cast severe aspersions on evidence, which may otherwise be not warranted. Idiosyncrasies of colloquial terms, used for naming an accused, could well be the difference between conviction and acquittal of an accused. &#8220;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Court felt constrained to note few errors (typographical or otherwise) with regard to the FIR, witness statements and supplementary statements, presented at different stages in the instant case. These documents had variations either in translation or transcription, when supplied to the Court. The confusion created by multiple versions of statements and depositions in the projection of either side compelled the Court to reiterate the necessity of referring to the guidelines. The Court quoted relevant portion from its earlier order in <em>To Issue Certain Guidelines Regarding Inadequacies &amp; Deficiencies in Criminal Trials, In re<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/sIc0BJY0\">2021 SCC OnLine SC 329<\/a>, which reflected the precise concerns which the Court faced in appreciating the evidence presented:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">&#8220;The Court noticed common deficiencies which occur in course of criminal trials. &#8230; These related, amongst others, to the manner in which documents (i.e. list of witnesses, list of exhibits, list of material objects) referred to are presented and exhibited in the judgment, and the lack of uniform practices in regard to preparation of injury reports, deposition of witnesses, translation of statements, numbering and nomenclature of witnesses, labeling of material objects, etc. These very often lead to asymmetries and hamper appreciation of evidence, which in turn has a tendency of prolonging proceedings, especially at the appellate stages.&#8221; \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Facts<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Court was deciding an appeal filed against the judgment of the Bombay High Court whereby the appellant&#8217;s conviction in a murder case was upheld. The crime was committed in January 2009, when a group of ten-twelve persons murdered one Balu by attacking him with dangerous weapons. The FIR was filed by one Arun who tried to save Balu but was himself injured in the assault. Notably, the appellant was not named in the FIR but was described by his build and appearance. He faced trial with other co-accused and was convicted for several offences under the Penal Code, 1860. The High Court upheld his conviction. Aggrieved, the appellant approached the Supreme Court.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Discussion and Observations<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Main argument of the appellant was that he was not amongst the accused named in the FIR, and as the prosecution did not arrange for Test Identification Parade, his identity as an accused could not have been clearly established.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Considering the record, the Court found that while the FIR did not disclose name of the appellant as one of the accused, however, the eye-witnesses identified the appellant in supplementary statements. They named the appellant and ascribed specific role in the attack. The appellant was identified as Lalu who assaulted with a sword. He first injured Arun who tried to save Balu, and after that assaulted Balu with the sword.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Notably, the eye-witnesses referred the appellant &#8216;Lala&#8217; as &#8216;Lalya&#8217; at several places. On this, the Court opined that the colloquial variation was no so far removed so as to render the identification unreliable, particularly when no other person by such name was amongst the accused group. The Court, however, made a very interesting remark:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">&#8220;Much indeed is in a name as in this case if we may take the liberty of disagreeing with one of the most famous lines penned down by the Bard of Avon, &#8216;What&#8217;s in a name&#8217;. &#8220;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Court was of the view that though the FIR was silent on the name of the appellant, it could not throw out the prosecution case on such a basis as other reliable evidence was available in the case. It was observed:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">&#8220;The FIR is certainly the starting point of the investigation, but it is well within the rights of the prosecution to produce witness statements as they progress further into the investigation and unearth the specific roles of accused persons. The FIR as is known, only sets the investigative machinery, into motion.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The eye-witnesses ascribed the same specific role to the appellant and narrated the events in same chronology, without material discrepancies. In view of such positive identification by the eye-witnesses, the Court was of the view that Test Identification Parade was not necessary, as the identity of the appellant was known to the witnesses. The Court said that appellant&#8217;s conviction was not vitiate on this ground. Reliance was placed on <em>Munshi Singh Gautam<\/em> v. <em>State of M.P.<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/8p4CN957\">(2005) 9 SCC 631<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Conclusion and Decision<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Court concluded that identity of the appellant as one of the members of the attacking group and his specific role in the assault was established beyond doubt. There was cogent evidence that the appellant was part of the conspiracy in assault which led to death of Balu and injuries to Arun. As such, the conviction of the appellant could not be faulted.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the result, the Court found no grounds to interfere with the judgment of the High Court, and consequently dismissed the appeal. [Lala v. State of Maharashtra, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/8923AKJB\"><b>2021 SCC OnLine SC 631<\/b><\/a>, decided on 24-8-2021]<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Tejaswi Pandit, Senior Editorial Assistant has reported this brief.<\/span><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Supreme Court: A Division Bench of Sanjay Kishan Kaul and Hrishikesh Roy, JJ. took the liberty of disagreeing with one of the 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acquittal of only 2 out of 22 acquitted murder accused, despite glaring contradictions between witness testimonies, illogical; SC sets aside Karnataka HC verdict","author":"Editor","date":"September 8, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 Supreme Court: In an appeal against the Karnataka High Court's reversal of acquittal of 2 out of the 22 accused acquitted by the Sessions Court in a murder case, the bench of V. Ramasubramanian*and Indira Banerjee, JJ has reversed the High Court's verdict observing that there were glaring\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MicrosoftTeams-image-69-2.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MicrosoftTeams-image-69-2.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MicrosoftTeams-image-69-2.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MicrosoftTeams-image-69-2.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MicrosoftTeams-image-69-2.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":282178,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2023\/01\/23\/supreme-court-sets-aside-madras-high-courts-sentence-in-section-138-ni-act-modifies-decree\/","url_meta":{"origin":253372,"position":1},"title":"Section 138 NI Act| Supreme Court sets aside Madras High Court&#8217;s reversal of acquittal in a cheque bouncing case","author":"Editor","date":"January 23, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"The Supreme Court observed that the scope of interference in an appeal against acquittal is limited and that the Madras High Court \u2018could not have interfered with the finding of acquittal recorded by the learned Trial Court.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/MicrosoftTeams-image-164.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":279181,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2022\/12\/07\/section319-power-stage-to-exercise-before-order-of-sentence-acquittal-conviction-guidelines-supreme-court-legal-research-updates-criminal-law-trial-news\/","url_meta":{"origin":253372,"position":2},"title":"Section 319 CrPC power to be exercised before pronouncement of order of sentence or acquittal, as the case may be; SC enumerates 12 guidelines","author":"Prachi Bhardwaj","date":"December 7, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"On 10.05.2019, a division Bench had observed that the question with regard to the actual stage at which the trial is said to have concluded is required to be authoritatively considered since the power under Section 319 of CrPC is extraordinary in nature.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/MicrosoftTeams-image-16.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":206733,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2018\/12\/12\/sc-upholds-acquittal-of-accused-for-rioting-and-murder-to-multiple-investigative-laches-and-flaws\/","url_meta":{"origin":253372,"position":3},"title":"SC upholds acquittal of accused for rioting and murder due to \u201cmultiple investigative laches and flaws\u201d","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"December 12, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Supreme Court: A Bench comprising of N.V. Ramana and M.M. Shantanagoudar, JJ. dismissed an appeal filed by the State of U.P. against the judgment of Allahabad High Court whereby it had reversed the decision the decision of trial court and acquitted the accused of charges under Sections 302 and 307\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":202007,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2018\/09\/20\/evidentiary-value-duty-of-judge-sentencing-in-criminal-trial-discussed-and-reiterated-conviction-of-murder-convict-upheld-sc\/","url_meta":{"origin":253372,"position":4},"title":"Evidentiary value, duty of Judge, sentencing in criminal trial discussed and reiterated; conviction of murder convict upheld: SC","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"September 20, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Each criminal trial is but a quest for search of the truth. Supreme Court: The Bench comprising of Ranjan Gogoi, Navin Sinha and K.M. Joseph, JJ. disposed of a criminal appeal filed against the judgment of Delhi High Court whereby the order of the trial court acquitting the appellant was\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":216566,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2019\/07\/06\/pak-sc-acquittal-in-a-criminal-case-carries-a-presumption-of-innocence-with-it-and-should-be-reversed-only-when-finding-blatantly-perverse\/","url_meta":{"origin":253372,"position":5},"title":"Pak SC | Acquittal in a criminal case, carries a presumption of innocence with it and should be reversed only when finding blatantly perverse","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"July 6, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Pakistan Supreme Court: A Full Bench of Manzoor Ahmad Malik, Syed Mansoor Ali Shah and Qazi Muhammad Amin Ahmed, JJ. allowed the appeal by the accused against the order given by Lahore High Court and set aside his conviction and sentence. Appellant herein was tried alongside two persons Abdul Razzaq\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/supreme_court_of_jpakistan.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/supreme_court_of_jpakistan.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/supreme_court_of_jpakistan.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/supreme_court_of_jpakistan.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/supreme_court_of_jpakistan.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/253372","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/67011"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=253372"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/253372\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/154914"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=253372"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=253372"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=253372"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}