{"id":251810,"date":"2021-07-28T10:00:14","date_gmt":"2021-07-28T04:30:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=251810"},"modified":"2021-08-12T19:05:11","modified_gmt":"2021-08-12T13:35:11","slug":"right-to-privacy-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/07\/28\/right-to-privacy-2\/","title":{"rendered":"P&#038;H HC | \u201cRight to Privacy cannot be raised to create a bubble to scuttle investigation\u201d; HC holds direction to give voice samples is not contrary to Art. 20(3)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Punjab and Haryana High Court: <\/strong>Avneesh Jhingan, J., while answering the question as to whether compelling an accused to give voice samples would amount to self-incrimination and hence, is violative of Article 20(3), stated,<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201cThe infringement of Fundamental Right to Privacy cannot be raised to create a bubble to scuttle the investigation nullifying the evidence collected by merely denying that the voice of the tapped phone calls is not of the petitioners and there being no comparables.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The instant revision petition had been filed to assail the order of Additional Sessions Judge, allowing the application of the Vigilance Bureau for taking voice samples of the petitioners.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The allegation was that the petitioners (both typist at Tehsil Banga Complex) were collecting money for getting the sale deeds registered from the Tehsildar and other revenue officials of the revenue department. After taking approval, the mobile used by the petitioners were tapped and after obtaining sufficient evidence from the transcripts the FIR was registered. During the proceedings, an application was filed by the Vigilance Bureau for permission to take voice samples of the petitioners and the same was allowed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The petitioners argued that the impugned order was in violation of Article 20(3) of the Constitution as it would violate the right to privacy. The contention was that in Section 53 of the CrPC, 1973 there is no power to order taking of voice samples as the same is self incriminatory.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>Analysis by the Court<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong><em><u>Would a judicial order compelling a person to give a sample of his voice violate the fundamental right to privacy under Article 20 (3)? <\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Supreme Court while dealing with the question <em>\u201cWhether Article 20(3) of the Constitution of India, which protects a person accused of an offence from being compelled to be a witness against himself, extends to protecting such an accused from being compelled to give his voice sample during the course of investigation into an offence<\/em>\u201d in <em>Ritesh Sinha v. State of U. P.<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/1Em8a022\">2019 (8) SCC 1<\/a>, held that the directions to take voice sample does not infringe Article 20(3) of the Constitution of India. Similarly, in <em>State of Bombay vs. Kathi Kalu Oghad<\/em>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/K736BR3r\">(1962) 3 SCR 10<\/a>, the Supreme Court while addressing the <em>issue with regard to specimen writings taken from the accused for comparison with other writings in order to determine the culpability of the accused and whether such a course of action was prohibited under Article 20(3) of the Constitution, <\/em>held that,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201c<em>the prohibition contemplated by the constitutional provision contained in Article 20(3) would come in only in cases of testimony of an accused which are self-incriminatory or of a character which has the tendency of incriminating the accused himself&#8230;A specimen handwriting or signature or finger impressions by themselves are no testimony at all, being wholly innocuous, because they are unchangeable; except, in rare cases where the ridges of the fingers or the style of writing have been tampered with. They are only materials for comparison in order to lend assurance to the Court that its inference based on other pieces of evidence is reliable. They are neither oral nor documentary evidence but belong to the third category of material evidence which is outside the limit of &#8216;testimony&#8217;.\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The nine Judges Bench of the Supreme Court in <em>K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India<\/em>;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/91Brhvd7\"> 2017 (10) SCC 1<\/a>, held that <em>right to privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21. <\/em>However, holding that this right is not an absolute right, the Bench stated,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cIn the context of Article 21 an invasion of privacy must be justified on the basis of a law which stipulates a procedure which is fair, just and reasonable&#8230;An invasion of life or personal liberty must meet the threefold requirement of <\/em><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>legality, which postulates the existence of law; <\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>need, defined in terms of a legitimate State aim; and <\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>proportionality which ensures a rational nexus between the objects and the means adopted to achieve them.\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Considering the above mentioned, the Bench held that voice sample in a sense resemble finger prints and hand writing, each person has a distinctive voice with characteristic features dictated by vocal cavities and articulates. Hence, the samples collected after having permission in accordance with law would not be a evidence, rather a mean to compare evidence already collected. The Bench clarified,<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201cTo keep pace with the change, new technology is required to be used for collecting and comparing evidence. One method being tapping of communication devices but after compliance of the procedure laid down. It is in that context that taking of voice samples are necessitated. The samples collected are not evidence in itself, rather are tools to identify the voice recording collected as evidence.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"2\">\n<li><strong><em><u>Whether in absence of any provision in CrPC, can a Magistrate authorize the investigating agency to record voice sample of the accused?<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The next question before the Bench was <em>\u201cAssuming that there is no violation of Article 20(3) of the, whether in the absence of any provision in the Code, can a Magistrate authorize the investigating agency to record the voice sample of the person accused of an offence?&#8221; <\/em>Reliance was placed by the Court on <em>Ritesh Sinha\u2019s case, <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/1Em8a022\">(2019) 8 SCC 1<\/a>, wherein the Supreme Court had stated,<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u201cWe unhesitatingly take the view that until explicit provisions are engrafted in CrPC by Parliament, a Judicial Magistrate must be conceded the power to order a person to give a sample of his voice for the purpose of investigation of a crime. Such power has to be conferred on a Magistrate by a process of judicial interpretation and in exercise of jurisdiction vested in this Court under Article 142 of the Constitution of India. We order accordingly and consequently dispose the appeals in terms of the above.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In view of the above discussion, the contentions raised by the petitioners were rejected and the impugned order was upheld.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[Kamal Pal v. State of Punjab, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/DocumentLink\/G2Az57a6\"><b>2021 SCC OnLine P&amp;H 1541<\/b><\/a>, decided on 09-07-2021]<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Kamini Sharma, Editorial Assistant has reported this brief.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Appearance by:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Counsel for the Petitioners: Manbir Singh Batth. Advocate<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Counsel for the State: Monika Jalota, DAG, Punjab<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Punjab and Haryana High Court: Avneesh Jhingan, J., while answering the question as to whether compelling an accused to give voice samples <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67011,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,10],"tags":[2583,29785,2551,9871,30350],"class_list":["post-251810","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-casebriefs","category-highcourts","tag-Investigation","tag-law","tag-Punjab_and_Haryana_High_Court","tag-right-to-privacy","tag-voice-sample"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.4 (Yoast SEO v26.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>P&amp;H HC | \u201cRight to Privacy cannot be raised to create a bubble to scuttle investigation\u201d; HC holds direction to give voice samples is not contrary to Art. 20(3) | SCC Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Right to Privacy\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/07\/28\/right-to-privacy-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"P&amp;H HC | \u201cRight to Privacy cannot be raised to create a bubble to scuttle investigation\u201d; HC holds direction to give voice samples is not contrary to Art. 20(3)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Right to Privacy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/07\/28\/right-to-privacy-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"SCC Times\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/scc.online\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-07-28T04:30:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-08-12T13:35:11+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/panjab_and_hariyana_high_court.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1330\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"887\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Editor\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Editor\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/07\/28\/right-to-privacy-2\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/07\/28\/right-to-privacy-2\/\",\"name\":\"P&H HC | \u201cRight to Privacy cannot be raised to create a bubble to scuttle investigation\u201d; 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Court directs to give voice sample","author":"Editor","date":"April 2, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Punjab and Haryana High Court: Avneesh Jhingan, J., entertained a petition under Section 482 CrPC where the petitioner was aggrieved by the directions of the Chief Judicial Magistrate for giving voice samples. The complainant was running a chemist shop, due to an unauthorized alteration in the shop; it was sealed\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":223261,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2019\/12\/16\/cal-hc-can-a-witness-in-course-of-investigation-be-compelled-to-give-voice-samples-3-questions-referred-to-larger-bench\/","url_meta":{"origin":251810,"position":1},"title":"Cal HC | Can a &#8220;witness&#8221; in course of investigation be compelled to give voice samples? &#8212; 3 questions referred to larger Bench","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"December 16, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Calcutta High Court:\u00a0Rajasekhar Mantha, J., has referred to three important questions, which in the Court's opinion are required to be settled by an appropriate larger bench. In the instant case, the Investigating Officer (\"IO\") had prayed for a voice sample of the petitioner to enable FSL experts to compare the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/calcutta-court.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/calcutta-court.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/calcutta-court.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/calcutta-court.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/calcutta-court.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":208181,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2019\/01\/15\/ph-hc-no-direction-to-take-voice-samples-where-information-contained-in-cd-and-pen-drive-itself-found-unauthentic\/","url_meta":{"origin":251810,"position":2},"title":"P&#038;H HC | No direction to take voice samples where information contained in CD and pen drive itself found unauthentic","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"January 15, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Punjab and Haryana High Court: This petition was filed before the Bench of Rajbir Sehrawat, J., challenging the order passed by JMFC, Amritsar where the application filed by the petitioner for ordering the sample of voice of complainant for comparing it with the recording produced by the petitioner was rejected.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":255753,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/10\/16\/voice-samples-in-criminal-investigations-and-legal-constitutional-issues-that-remain\/","url_meta":{"origin":251810,"position":3},"title":"Voice Samples in Criminal Investigations and Legal\/Constitutional Issues that Remain","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"October 16, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"by Bharat Chugh\u2020 Cite as: 2021 SCC OnLine Blog Exp 80","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Op Eds&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Op Eds","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/op-ed\/legal-analysis\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/MicrosoftTeams-image-74.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/MicrosoftTeams-image-74.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/MicrosoftTeams-image-74.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/MicrosoftTeams-image-74.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/MicrosoftTeams-image-74.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":252151,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/08\/02\/scc-online-weekly-rewind-vol-1-episode-21\/","url_meta":{"origin":251810,"position":4},"title":"SCC Online Weekly Rewind Vol.1 Episode 21","author":"Nilufer Bhateja","date":"August 2, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"SCC Online Weekly Rewind Episode 21 ft. 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