{"id":233453,"date":"2020-08-06T10:30:08","date_gmt":"2020-08-06T05:00:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=233453"},"modified":"2020-08-06T09:46:33","modified_gmt":"2020-08-06T04:16:33","slug":"constitutional-court-of-south-africa-declines-confirming-high-court-orders-invalidating-citizenship-amendment-act-2010","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2020\/08\/06\/constitutional-court-of-south-africa-declines-confirming-high-court-orders-invalidating-citizenship-amendment-act-2010\/","title":{"rendered":"Constitutional Court of South Africa declines confirming High Court orders invalidating Citizenship Amendment Act, 2010"},"content":{"rendered":"

Constitutional Court of South Africa:<\/strong> 9-Judge Bench of the Constitutional Court unanimously decided upon the constitutional validity of Section 2(1) of the amended South African Citizenship Amendment Act, 2010. The Court did not uphold the order passed by the High Court of South Africa, Gauteng Division, Pretoria, which declared Section 2(1) of the amended Citizenship Act as unconstitutional and invalid.<\/p>\n

The five applicants of the present case, all of whom provided evidence before the court that at least one of their parents was a South African citizen at the time of birth, had approached the High Court in October 2016 and pleaded that an order be made declaring Section 2(1)(a) and (b) of the amended Citizenship Act as constitutionally invalid. Section 2 read that- \u201c(1) Any person\u2014 (a) \u00a0who immediately prior to the date of commencement of the South African Citizenship Amendment Act, 2010 [i.e. 1 January 2013], was a South African citizen by birth or by descent; or (b) \u00a0who is born or was born in or outside the Republic, one of his or her parents, at the time of his or her birth, being a South African citizen, shall be a South African citizen by birth.\u201d <\/em>As alleged by them, this amended section carried various constitutional infringements. The first was that this section did not include a provision to retain the citizenship of those who came under Section 13 of the Births and Death Registration Act, 1992 which stated that if a child of a South African citizen is born outside the Republic, then they are eligible to attain citizenship. The applicants made the case that this amended section will effectively strip these citizens of their South African citizenship. The applicants had also pleaded that they be declared as South African citizens and the amended section be struck down as invalid.<\/p>\n

The High court upheld their plea of unconstitutionality and granted them their relief with the exception of the 2nd<\/sup> applicant as there was insufficient information. The Constitutional Court now heard an application for confirming the order of constitutional invalidity granted by the High Court.<\/p>\n

In its Judgment, the Court noted that while there is no express constitutional provision requiring Judges to furnish reasons for their decisions, reasoning is nevertheless an important duty and vital towards establishing legitimacy of the judiciary. The High Court in its judgement had not provided any coherent reasons for its decision and merely approved the draft order of the applicants. With this the Court goes into a detailed discussion of the history of South African citizenship starting from the 1949 Citizenship Act. The Court laid special emphasis on the fact that legal statutory provisions must be read in their ordinary understanding without resorting to philosophical and intended meanings. Further, Judges must adhere to a purposive understanding of statutes in the sense that they construe them in a way that gives effect to the core values enshrined in the Constitution. The Court addressed the first issue of- who was a South African citizen by birth? As per Section 2(1)(a) of the amended Citizenship Act, all those who fell within this definition on 31 December 2012 would remain citizens by birth in terms of the amended Citizenship Act but this in turn deprives and excludes those who acquired citizenship differently. The inconsistency that arose is that through the 2010 Amendment, the meaning of\u00a0 \u201ccitizen by descent\u201d has been drastically modified to even include those who have been adopted in terms of the Children\u2019s Act, 2005 by a South African citizen but at the same time appears to remove the previous concept of citizenship \u201cby descent\u201d altogether. It was noted that it is illogical why a legislation would provide for citizenship by birth for children of foreign nationals while not providing for those who had previously been born to South African parents even though it was about the Republic. This brought into question the intended meaning of Section 2(1)(b).<\/p>\n

The Court held that retrospective application cannot be simply implied unless it is explicitly stated and hence the usage of the word \u201cis\u201d in the aforementioned section might suggest a narrow, prospective-only interpretation that strips citizenship rights from a great number of people in the most unfair and unjustified manner. At the same time, a word such as \u201cis\u201d is capable of bearing a meaning that applies both to those born before and after the commencement of the 2010 Amendment because it refers to a state of existence, and does not define at what point does that existence arise.<\/p>\n

Moreover, as discussed above, the Court bears a burden to arrive at an understanding that is constitutionally compliant and must promote rights rather than limit them. With this, the Court agreed the proper way to read Section 2(1)(b) was that \u201cany person who is born in or outside the Republic, one of his or her parents, at the time of his or her birth, being a South African citizen\u201d mean a person who is a child of a South African citizen, regardless of when<\/em> that person is born or whether that person is born inside or outside the Republic<\/em>. This in turn also validated the current wordings of Section 2(1)(a) to include persons born even outside the Republic. The Court therefore did not confirm the findings of the High Court that declared the amendment as invalid and upheld its constitutionality. [Chisuse v. Director-General, Department of Home Affairs, [2020] ZACC 20, decided on 22-07-2020]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Constitutional Court of South Africa: 9-Judge Bench of the Constitutional Court unanimously decided upon the constitutional validity of Section 2(1) of the <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67011,"featured_media":167554,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,12],"tags":[14851,8731,42941],"class_list":["post-233453","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-casebriefs","category-foreigncourts","tag-citizenship-act","tag-constitutional-validity","tag-south-africa"],"yoast_head":"\nConstitutional Court of South Africa declines confirming High Court orders invalidating Citizenship Amendment Act, 2010 | SCC Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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Section 2 of the South African Citizenship Act, 1995 not to be applied retrospectively; citizenship by birth granted: South Africa HC","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"November 21, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"High Court of South Africa, Western Cape Division: This application was brought before N.P. Boqwana, J., seeking an order to declare DPB as a Citizen by Birth of South Africa and to issue an unabridged electronic birth certificate in terms of Section 9 of the Births and Deaths Registration Act,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/1200px-Western_Cape_High_Court.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/1200px-Western_Cape_High_Court.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/1200px-Western_Cape_High_Court.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/1200px-Western_Cape_High_Court.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/1200px-Western_Cape_High_Court.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":295268,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2023\/06\/23\/section61a-southafrican-citizenship-act-unconstitutional-za-legalnews\/","url_meta":{"origin":233453,"position":1},"title":"[South Africa] Supreme Court of Appeal strikes down Section 6(1)(a) of South African Citizenship Act; Orders for restoration of Citizenship in absence of no express provision of dual citizenship","author":"Editor","date":"June 23, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201cCitizenship is the gateway through which a number of rights under the Constitution can be accessed. It enables a person to enjoy freedom of movement, freedom of trade and political representation. While it is true that certain rights in our Constitution adheres to South African citizens only, this court has\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/supreme-court-of-appeal-of-south-africa.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/supreme-court-of-appeal-of-south-africa.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/supreme-court-of-appeal-of-south-africa.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/supreme-court-of-appeal-of-south-africa.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":224092,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2020\/01\/10\/citizenship-amendment-act-row-country-is-going-through-difficult-times-sc-while-refusing-urgent-hearing-on-plea-seeking-to-declare-caa-as-constitutional\/","url_meta":{"origin":233453,"position":2},"title":"Citizenship (Amendment) Act row| Country is going through difficult times: SC while refusing urgent hearing on plea seeking to declare CAA as constitutional","author":"Prachi Bhardwaj","date":"January 10, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Supreme Court: Refusing urgent hearing on a plea seeking to declare the Citizenship Amendment Act as constitutional, CJI S A Bobde observed that the country is going through difficult times and there is so much violence going. Expressing surprise over the petition, the bench said that this was the first\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Hot Off The Press"","block_context":{"text":"Hot Off The Press","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/news\/hot_off_the_press\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":201885,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2018\/09\/18\/proceedings-not-rendered-unfair-just-because-applicability-of-minimum-sentences-act-1997-not-indicated-in-charge-sheet-constitutional-court-of-south-africa\/","url_meta":{"origin":233453,"position":3},"title":"Proceedings not rendered unfair just because applicability of Minimum Sentences Act, 1997 not indicated in charge-sheet:\u00a0 Constitutional Court of South Africa","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"September 18, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Constitutional Court of South Africa: A 10-Judge Bench comprising of CJ Mogoeng and Cachalia, Dlodlo, Goliath, Petse, AJ., Froneman, Jafta, Khampepe, Madlanga, and Theron, JJ., dealt with three appeals together having similar issues. Facts of the case are that the appellants had been imposed with life sentences under the Criminal\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Constitutional-Court-of-South-Africa","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Constitutional-Court-of-South-Africa.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Constitutional-Court-of-South-Africa.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Constitutional-Court-of-South-Africa.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Constitutional-Court-of-South-Africa.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Constitutional-Court-of-South-Africa.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":201071,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2018\/08\/31\/settlement-agreement-set-aside-by-virtue-of-which-office-of-national-director-of-public-prosecutions-was-vacated\/","url_meta":{"origin":233453,"position":4},"title":"Settlement Agreement set aside by virtue of which office of National Director of Public Prosecutions was vacated","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"August 31, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Constitutional Court of South Africa: Bench comprising of Cachalia, Dlodlo, Goliath and Petse, AJ., Froneman, Jafta, Khampepe, Madlanga, and Theron, JJ., confirmed two declarations of constitutional invalidity given by the High Court of South Africa, Gauteng Division. The facts of the case are that a settlement agreement was concluded between\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Constitutional-Court-of-South-Africa","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Constitutional-Court-of-South-Africa.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Constitutional-Court-of-South-Africa.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Constitutional-Court-of-South-Africa.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Constitutional-Court-of-South-Africa.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Constitutional-Court-of-South-Africa.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":333566,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2024\/10\/22\/detailed-analysis-supreme-court-majority-verdict-section-6a-citizenship-act\/","url_meta":{"origin":233453,"position":5},"title":"In-depth analysis of Supreme Court\u2019s majority verdict on Section 6A of Citizenship Act","author":"Apoorva","date":"October 22, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Supreme Court affirmed that the cut-off date of 25 March 1971 is rational as on the said date, Pakistani Army launched Operation Search Light to curb Bengali nationalist movement in East Pakistan. The migrants before the operation were migrants of partition towards which India had a liberal policy. Migrants from\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Section 6A of Citizenship Act","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/shared-image-8.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/shared-image-8.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/shared-image-8.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/shared-image-8.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/233453","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/67011"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=233453"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/233453\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/167554"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=233453"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=233453"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=233453"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}