{"id":228878,"date":"2020-04-30T09:44:23","date_gmt":"2020-04-30T04:14:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=228878"},"modified":"2020-07-14T19:36:07","modified_gmt":"2020-07-14T14:06:07","slug":"communitarianism-a-saviour-in-times-of-ncovid19","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2020\/04\/30\/communitarianism-a-saviour-in-times-of-ncovid19\/","title":{"rendered":"Communitarianism: A saviour in Times of nCOVID19"},"content":{"rendered":"

nCOVID19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) Director-General, Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus on 11-3-2020 noting a 13-fold increase in the number of cases over the preceding two weeks [1]<\/strong><\/a> . Since then steps are being taken by Governments across the world to address the issue. Countries are under lockdown, the Unites States of America, Italy, Germany and India are few examples [2]<\/strong><\/a> . When Governments start adopting strict measures, this leads to curtailment of rights and they are always questioned, irrespective of their political wisdom. In the following paragraphs, I aim to adopt a communitarian approach to explain the moral precision of steps taken by the Governments across the globe.<\/span><\/p>\n

Communitarianism works on the premises that one\u2019s place in the economy, standing in the political order, reputation among fellows and holdings: all of these come from other men and women [3]<\/strong><\/a> . The emphasis is laid on importance of the society rather than centrality of the individual [4]<\/strong><\/a>. It strives to weigh particularism against universalism and argues that the search for a common point of unity for everyone leads to misunderstanding and misleading distributive justice [5]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lockdowns are given two communitarian interpretation viz. authoritarian and liberal. Some authors like John Authers claim that when China asked people in its Wuhan province to stay inside their houses for the good of the community, it was authoritarian communitarianism [6]<\/strong><\/a>. Whereas some like Xavier Symons claim it to be liberal communitarianism as, in essence, the step was taken to protect the most vulnerable group of people in the community i.e. to protect elders [7]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Recently talking about the concerns regarding the pandemic, Michael Sandel expressed his idea of common good as [8]<\/strong><\/a> \u2013<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u201cThe common good is about how we live together in community. It\u2019s about the ethical ideals we strive for together, the benefits and burdens we share, the sacrifices we make for one another<\/i>. It\u2019s about the lessons we learn from one another about how to live a good and decent life.\u201d \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(emphasis supplied)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Consideration was given to the proposal of \u2018herd immunity\u2019<\/i>. It is an epidemiological concept where it is believed that the majority of the people are sufficiently immune to the disease and if is it allowed to run enough people can\u2019t get the disease [9]<\/strong><\/a>. Michael Sandel argues that in a modern society when we consider such options, we lack solidarity [10]<\/strong><\/a>. From Sandel\u2019s perspective this is similar to the state of nature or Social Darwinism – which demands the survival of the fittest [11]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

If we start considering economy over health, we do a cost-benefit analysis, which leads back to Jeremy Bentham\u2019s idea of Utilitarianism. A cost-benefit analysis in times of pandemic if not worse is similar to the cost-benefit analysis done by Philip Morris & Co. for the Czech Republic to balance out the tax revenues and cost incurred in the treatment of lung cancer [12]<\/strong><\/a>. Similarly, sending people back to work for the sake of the economy is a Utilitarian approach.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Rawlsian idea could also be a rescue in this situation. It rests on the principle \u2018do to others what you expect others to do to you\u2019<\/i>. The idea of the veil of ignorance in the original position and acting as a rational individual are means to achieve this fundamental principle in a hope to achieve a just society [13]<\/strong><\/a>. In addition to that, the difference principle in Rawls\u2019 \u2018A Theory of Justice\u2019<\/i> asks everyone in society to work for the betterment of the most vulnerable ones [14]<\/strong><\/a>. In nCOVID19 scenario, the most vulnerable ones are the elderly and every individual in the society must consider their betterment and adhere to \u2018social distancing\u2019 and \u2018lockdown regulations\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n

Communitarians argue that freedom of choice, even under fair conditions can be a basis for a just society and rights cannot be prioritised over the common good [15]<\/strong><\/a>. There are some obligations we owe to the society and these obligations do not require our consent [16]<\/strong><\/a>. Everyone has an obligation towards each other and hence the libertarian argument \u2018If I get Corona, I get Corona\u2019 <\/i>[17]<\/strong><\/a> is morally flawed. Even the escape route of the doctrine of double effect cannot save people who support this line of thought. The doctrine of double effect discusses the permissibility of an action which might cause harm [18]<\/strong><\/a>. According to the doctrine, if there is some harm as a side-effect of action, it is permissible if the harm was not intended. However, the 22-year-old chanting \u2018I get Corona, I get Corona\u2019<\/i> will be ethically liable for spreading the virus. The individualistic approach which claims responsibility for the choices\/actions that an individual makes knocks down the basic idea of society, where people have an obligation towards each other. <\/span><\/p>\n

Having addressed these questions, I will briefly discuss the communitarian approach in the institutional nCOVID19 war. Any institutionalised body engaged in the war against nCOVID19 with a broad representation of the stakeholders (doctors, nurses, practitioners, administrators, patients and people in general) when functions well, like South Korea, it provides a typical as well as a beautiful example of communitarian democracy [19]<\/strong><\/a>. They work together to constitute an optimum society (safe environment, proper functioning hospitals, maintained supply of essential services, etc.) visioned by the members of the particular community [20]<\/strong><\/a>. When viewed through a communitarian lens, any conflict resolution with respect to solutions for any infectious disease can be best arrived by envisaging the betterment of the community [21]<\/strong><\/a>. Thus, virtue-based communitarianism can be an option for States to adopt to fight an epidemic like nCOVID19. However, this should be achieved by considering the established rules and procedure (deontological approach) and results (consequentialism).<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

*Candidature 2023, National Law University, Jodhpur. The author can be reached at prakhar2602@gmail.com<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> D. Cucinotta, \u201cWHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic\u201d, NCBI available at: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32191675<\/span><\/a> last seen on 27\/04\/2020<\/span><\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> \u201c<\/i>Coronavirus: US records 2,000 dead in a day as Italy and India extend lockdowns, The Guardian<\/i>, available at: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/apr\/11\/coronavirus-us-records-2000-dead-in-a-day-as-italy-and-india-extend-lockdowns<\/span><\/a> last seen on 27\/04\/2020.<\/span><\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> M. Walzer, Spheres of Justice<\/i>, 3-4 (1<\/span>st<\/sup><\/span> Edn. 1983).<\/span><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> A. Etzioni, \u201cCommunitarianism\u201d, The Encyclopedia of Political Thought<\/i>, (1<\/span>st<\/sup><\/span> Edn.) Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies, 1 available at\u00a0 <\/span>https:\/\/icps.gwu.edu\/sites\/g\/files\/zaxdzs1736\/f\/downloads\/Communitarianism.Etzioni.pdf<\/span><\/a> last seen on 27\/04\/2020.<\/span><\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Ibid, at 4<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> X. Symons, \u201cThree political philosophies, and how they apply to the coronavirus pandemic\u201d, BioEdge available at: https:\/\/www.bioedge.org\/bioethics\/three-political-philosophies-and-how-they-apply-to-the-coronavirus-pandemic\/13387<\/span><\/a> last seen on 27\/04\/2020.<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Ibid<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> J. Authers, \u201cHow Coronavirus is Shaking up the Moral Universe\u201d, Bloomberg Opinion available at: https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/opinion\/articles\/2020-03-29\/coronavirus-pandemic-puts-moral-philosophy-to-the-test<\/span><\/a> last seen on 27\/04\/2020.<\/span><\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> G. Meyerowitz – Katz, \u201c<\/i>Here’s Why Herd Immunity Won’t Save Us From The COVID-19 Pandemic\u201d, Science<\/span> Alert available at: https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/why-herd-immunity-will-not-save-us-from-the-covid-19-pandemic<\/span><\/a> last seen on 20\/04\/2020.<\/span><\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Supra 8<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> T. L. Friedman, \u201cFinding the \u2018Common Good\u2019 in a Pandemic\u201d, N. Y. Times<\/i> available at: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/24\/opinion\/covid-ethics-politics.html?searchResultPosition=6<\/span><\/a> last seen on 20\/04\/2020.<\/span><\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> M. Sandel, \u201cJustice: What\u2019s the Right Thing to Do?\u201d, 42 (1<\/span>st<\/sup><\/span> Edn. 2009)<\/span><\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> L. Wenar, \u201cJohn Rawls\u201d, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/i> available at: https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/rawls\/<\/span><\/a> last seen on 20\/04\/2020.<\/span><\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Ibid<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Supra 12, at 22-=21<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Ibid at 225<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> \u201c<\/i>If <\/i>I get corona, I get corona: the Americans who wish they’d taken Covid-19 seriously\u201d, The Guardian<\/i> available at: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/lifeandstyle\/2020\/mar\/28\/americans-who-dont-take-coronavirus-seriously<\/span><\/a> last seen on 20\/04\/2020.<\/span><\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> A. Mcintyre, \u201cDoctrine of Double Effect\u201d, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/i>, available at: https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/double-effect\/<\/span><\/a> last seen on 20\/04\/2020.<\/span><\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> C.S. Bryan, \u201cThe Ethics of Infection Control: Philosophical Frameworks. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology\u201d, 28 (9) Cambridge University Press, 1077, 1080 (2007) JSTOR, www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.1086\/519863<\/span><\/a> last seen on 20\/04\/2020.<\/span><\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Ibid<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Ibid<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

by Prakhar Raghuvanshi*<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8808,"featured_media":228880,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[42503,1191],"tags":[40986,40987,40985,40266],"class_list":["post-228878","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-legal-analysis","category-op-ed","tag-communitarianism","tag-lockdowns","tag-ncovid-19","tag-who"],"yoast_head":"\nCommunitarianism: A saviour in Times of nCOVID19 | SCC Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2020\/04\/30\/communitarianism-a-saviour-in-times-of-ncovid19\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta 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Kirubakaran and S.S Sundar, JJ., dealt with a PIL which brought to its notice that the Siddha Medical College Hospital, Palayamkottai,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":71851,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2016\/09\/21\/nhrc-issues-notice-to-karnataka-and-tn-governments-over-handling-of-situation-post-release-of-cauvery-water\/","url_meta":{"origin":228878,"position":3},"title":"NHRC issues notice to Karnataka and TN Governments over handling of situation post release of Cauvery water","author":"Saba","date":"September 21, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"National Human Rights Commission: Taking \u00a0serious exception to the handling of \u00a0the situation by the Governments of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu over the release of water from Kaveri; NHRC \u00a0has issued notices \u00a0to the Governments of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.\u00a0The National Human Rights Commission has taken suo motu cognizance of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/NHRC_1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/NHRC_1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/NHRC_1.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/NHRC_1.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/NHRC_1.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":197120,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2018\/06\/19\/sc-allows-admissions-to-mbbs-course-in-three-states-to-stop-wastage-of-over-800-seats-in-government-medical-colleges\/","url_meta":{"origin":228878,"position":4},"title":"SC allows admissions to MBBS course in three States to stop wastage of over 800 seats in Government Medical Colleges","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"June 19, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Supreme Court: A vacation bench comprising of Abdul Nazeer and Indu Malhotra, JJ. granted relief to the States of Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh by allowing them to admit fresh batches of students in the MBBS course for the upcoming academic session 2018-2019. Earlier, the Central Government, basing its decision\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Case Briefs"","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Supreme-Court_Colour.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":253428,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2021\/08\/31\/covid-19-12\/","url_meta":{"origin":228878,"position":5},"title":"Extend benefits of welfare schemes not only to children orphaned by Covid-19 but also to children orphaned during Covid-19: Supreme Court","author":"Editor","date":"August 31, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Supreme Court: The Division Bench of L. Nageswara Rao and Aniruddha Bose, JJ., addressed the plight of children orphaned during Covid-19 pandemic. 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