{"id":195605,"date":"2018-04-26T11:17:18","date_gmt":"2018-04-26T05:47:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/?p=195605"},"modified":"2018-04-26T11:17:18","modified_gmt":"2018-04-26T05:47:18","slug":"animals-by-virtue-of-the-fact-that-they-are-not-humans-lack-locus-standi-under-copyright-act-to-sue-for-copyright-infringement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2018\/04\/26\/animals-by-virtue-of-the-fact-that-they-are-not-humans-lack-locus-standi-under-copyright-act-to-sue-for-copyright-infringement\/","title":{"rendered":"Animals, by virtue of the fact that they are not humans, lack locus standi under Copyright Act to sue for copyright infringement"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>United States Court of Appeals (Ninth Circuit):<\/strong> While deciding the issue that whether a monkey may sue humans, corporations, and companies for damages and injunctive relief arising from claims of copyright infringement, Carlos T. Bea and N. Randy Smith, Circuit Judges, and Eduardo C. Robreno, District Judge, held that the monkey in particular and all the animals in general, by the virtue of the fact that they are not humans, lack the statutory locus standi under the Copyright Act, even though they have a constitutional standing under Article III of the United States Constitution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The issue revolves around Naruto, a crested macaque living on the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. In 2011, the monkey picked up the camera of wildlife photographer David Slater, and took several photos of himself; the collection which later became popular as \u201cmonkey selfies\u201d. The pictures were later published in Slater\u2019s book, which identified Slater and Wildlife (magazine published by Wildlife Personalities, Ltd.) as the copyright owners of the Monkey Selfies. However a copyright infringement case was filed against Slater and Wildlife, by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) as \u201cNext Friends\u201d on behalf of Naruto. PETA claimed that that the monkey was the author and owner of the photographs and had suffered concrete and particularized economic harms.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Perusing the facts and the argument, the Court deliberated upon the constitutional and statutory locus standi of Naruto; and whether PETA qualifies to be the \u201cNext Friend\u201d of the monkey. It was observed by the Court that PETA has failed to allege any facts to establish the required significant relationship between a next friend and a real party in interest and; an animal cannot be represented, under US laws, by a \u201cnext friend.\u201d Thus PETA cannot sue on behalf of the monkey. Resolving the question of constitutional and statutory standing, the Court relied upon their decision in Cetacean Community v. Bush, 386 F.3d 1169 (9th Cir. 2004), and observed that Naruto\u2019s lack of next friend does not deprive him of a constitutional standing under Article III. However vis-\u00e0-vis the Copyright Act, it was noted that if an Act of Congress clearly states that animals have statutory standing, then animals will have statutory standing; and if the statute does not state, then animals do not have statutory standing. The Copyright Act does not expressly authorize animals to file copyright infringement suits under the statute; therefore Naruto cannot sue for copyright infringement. [Naruto v. Slater, No. 16-15469, opinion dated 23.04.2018]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>United States Court of Appeals (Ninth Circuit): While deciding the issue that whether a monkey may sue humans, corporations, and companies for <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":91,"featured_media":195610,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,12],"tags":[11391,14781,29990],"class_list":["post-195605","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-casebriefs","category-foreigncourts","tag-copyright-infringement","tag-locus-standi","tag-monkey-selfies"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.4 (Yoast SEO v26.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Animals, by virtue of the fact that they are not 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Passed an Order granting ex-parte\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Delhi High Court","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/delhi_high_court.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/delhi_high_court.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/delhi_high_court.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/delhi_high_court.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/delhi_high_court.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":217280,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2019\/07\/25\/mad-hc-third-party-has-no-locus-standi-to-prosecute-criminal-proceedings-petition-by-a-forum-in-regard-of-judicial-death-of-prisoner-dismissed\/","url_meta":{"origin":195605,"position":3},"title":"Mad HC | Third Party has no locus standi to prosecute criminal proceedings; petition by a forum in regard of judicial death of prisoner dismissed","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"July 25, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Madras High Court:\u00a0N. Anand Venkatesh, J. dismissed a petition filed by Prisoners Right Forum against the order of the Chief Judicial Magistrate whereby he had dismissed a complaint filed in the matter of the death of a prisoner in judicial custody. It was held that the forum, being a third\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6209,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2014\/08\/05\/broadcasting-of-tv-shows-over-internet-at-the-same-time-as-on-air-broadcasting-is-an-infringement-of-copyright\/","url_meta":{"origin":195605,"position":4},"title":"Broadcasting of TV shows over Internet at the same time as on-air broadcasting is an infringement of copyright","author":"Sucheta","date":"August 5, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"Supreme Court of United States: In an appeal regarding the infringement of copyright of the television programs by an internet broadcaster which allowed its subscribers to watch television programs over the Internet at about the same time as the programs are broadcast over the air streams, a nine judge bench\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Intellectual Property&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Intellectual Property","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/intellectual_property\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/scc-blog_Page_9.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/scc-blog_Page_9.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/scc-blog_Page_9.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/scc-blog_Page_9.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/scc-blog_Page_9.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":211816,"url":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2019\/03\/12\/utt-hc-court-places-confidence-on-the-ministry-on-its-policy-decision-to-setup-petroleum-retail-outlets-puts-locus-standi-itself-into-question\/","url_meta":{"origin":195605,"position":5},"title":"Utt HC | Court places confidence on the Ministry on its policy decision to setup petroleum retail outlets, puts locus standi itself into question","author":"Bhumika Indulia","date":"March 12, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Uttaranchal High Court:\u00a0The Division Bench of Ramesh Ranganathan, CJ and N.S. Dhanik, J. dismissed an appeal while placing reliance on the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas for its policy decision and found no reason to entertain the petition since the locus standi of the petitioner was itself in doubt.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Case Briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Case Briefs","link":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/category\/casebriefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/195605","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/91"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=195605"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/195605\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/195610"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=195605"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=195605"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=195605"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}